Saint Francis River River, southeastern Missouri and eastern Arkan¬ sas, U.S. Rising in southeastern Missouri and flowing south, it enters the Mississippi River just above Helena, Ark., after a course of 425 mi (684 km). Part of its course forms a portion of the Missouri-Arkansas boundary. It is navigable for 125 mi (201 km).
Saint-Gaudens \sant-'g6-d 3 nz\, Augustus (b. March 1, 1848, Dub¬ lin, Ire.—d. Aug. 3, 1907, Cornish, N.H., U.S.) Irish-born U.S. sculptor. Son of an Irish mother and a French father, he was brought to the U.S. in infancy and at 13 was apprenticed to a cameo cutter. He studied sculp¬ ture in New York and at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1867-70), then settled in New York City in 1872. Between 1880 and 1897 he executed most of the works that earned him his reputation as the foremost American sculptor of the late 19th century. His first important commis¬ sion was the monument to David Farragut (1878-81) in New York’s Madi¬ son Square Park. For Boston he produced his great relief monument to Col. Robert G. Shaw and his African American Civil War regiment (1884- 97). The memorial to the wife of Henry Adams (1886-91) in Washington, D.C., a mysterious draped figure with a shadowed face, is often consid¬ ered his greatest work.
Saint George's Town (pop., 1991 est.: 5,000), capital of Grenada, in the West Indies. It lies on the island’s southwestern coast, on a small pen¬ insula. Founded by the French in 1650, it became the capital of the Wind¬ ward Islands (1885-1958). Now a port, it exports cacao, nutmeg, mace, and bananas. It was the scene of fighting in 1983 during the military inter¬ vention in Grenada by U.S. and Caribbean forces.
Saint George's Channel Wide passage between the Irish Sea and the northern Atlantic Ocean. It extends for 100 mi (160 km) and has a minimum width of 47 mi (76 km) between Camsore Point, Ireland, and St. David’s Head, Wales. The name derives from the legend of St. George, in which he traveled to England by sea.
Saint-Germain \ 1 sa n -zher- , ma ll \ / Treaty of (1919) Treaty ending World War I between Austria and the Allied Powers. Signed at Saint- Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, on Sept. 10, 1919, it came into force on July 16, 1920. It registered the breakup of the Habsburg empire and rec¬ ognized the independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). Eastern Galicia, southern Tirol, and Trieste were also ceded by Austria. The treaty limited Austria’s army to 30,000 men, dismantled the Austro-Hungarian navy, and barred the union of Austria with Germany.
Saint Gotthard Yga-tard\ Pass Mountain pass, Lepontine Alps, south¬ ern Switzerland. An important motor and railway route between central Europe and Italy, the pass lies at an elevation of 6,916 ft (2,108 m) and is 16 mi (26 km) long. Though the pass was known to the Romans, it was not generally used until the early 13th century. A long, winding motor¬ way leads across the pass, and the St. Gotthard Tunnel extends for more than 9 mi (14 km) beneath it. The railway through the tunnel connects Lucerne with Milan.
Saint Helena Vhe-lo-no, ho-'le-noX Island (pop., 2003 est.: 3,800), east¬ ern South Atlantic Ocean. Located 1,200 mi (1,950 km) west of Africa, Saint Helena has an area of 47 sq mi (122 sq km). The capital and port is Jamestown. With Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha, it constitutes a British overseas territory (area: 119 sq mi [308 sq km]; pop., 2003 est.: 5,104). Discovered in 1502, it became a port of call for ships sailing between Europe and the East Indies. It was owned by the English East India Co. in the 17th century; because of its remoteness, it was used as the final place of exile for Napoleon (1815-21). It declined in importance after the Suez Canal was opened in 1869.
Saint Helens, Mount Volcanic peak in the Cascade Range, south¬ western Washington, U.S. Dormant since 1857, it erupted in May 1980 in one of the greatest volcanic explosions ever recorded in North America. Sixty people and thousands of animals were killed in the May 18 event, and 10 million trees were blown down by the lateral air blast. At the event’s end Mount St. Helens’s volcanic cone had been completely blasted away; in place of its 9,680-ft (2,950-m) peak was a horseshoe¬ shaped crater with a rim reaching elevations of about 8,000 ft (2,400 m). Further eruptions have occurred since 1980, and a dome of lava has grown in the crater. Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was estab¬ lished in 1982.
Saint-Jean \sa n -'zha n \, Lac Lake, south-central Quebec, Canada. A shallow lake, it has an area of 387 sq mi (1,003 sq km) and discharges into the Saguenay River. In the 20th century logging operations on its feeder streams led to the establishment of large paper mills on the lake. Since 1926 the lake’s seasonal fluctuations have been controlled by two hydroelectric dams. It is a tourist resort centre famous for its salmon fishing.
Saint John City (pop., 2001: 69,661), southern New Brunswick, Canada. It is situated on the Bay of Fundy, at the mouth of the Saint John River. The site, visited by Samuel de Champlain in 1604 and fortified in the 1630s, was occupied by the British in 1758. It was chartered as the first city in Canada in 1785. The city recovered from a disastrous fire in 1877. Its year-round ice-free harbour fostered shipping, shipbuilding, and fishing. It is the province’s largest city and principal port. Industries include lumbering and pulp and paper products.
Saint John, Henry See Viscount Boungbroke
Saint-John Perse \sa n -dzhon-'pers\ orig. Marie-Rene-Auguste- Alexis Saint-Leger Leger (b. May 31, 1887, Saint-Leger-les Feuilles, Guad.—d. Sept. 20, 1975, Presqu’ile-de-Giens, France) French poet and diplomat. He served in various diplomatic posts from 1914 until his dismissal by the collaborationist Vichy government in 1940. He spent
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Saint John River ► Saint Lawrence I 1667
the years 1940-57 in exile in the U.S. The language of his poetry, admired especially by poets for its precision and purity, is difficult, and he made little appeal to the general public. His works include Anabasis (1924; translated by T.S. Eliot), Exile (1942), Winds (1946), Seamarks (1957), and Birds (1962). He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1960.
Saint John River River, northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada. Rising in northwestern Maine, it flows northeast to the Canadian border, then southeast to form that international boundary; in Canada, it flows through New Brunswick into the Bay of Fundy at Saint John. It is 418 mi (673 km) long. At Grand Falls, the river drops 75 ft (23 m), and at its mouth are the “reversing falls” rapids, caused by the strong tides of the bay, which at high tide force the river to reverse its flow.
Saint John's City (pop., 1991 est.: 22,000), capital of Antigua and Barbuda, West Indies. It lies on Antigua’s northwestern coast. It is a resort and the island’s main port, handling sugar, cotton, machinery, and lum¬ ber. Nearby Fort St. John’s was damaged over the centuries (1690-1847) by earthquakes, fire and a hurricane.
Saint John's City (pop., 2001: 172,918), port, and capital of Newfound¬ land and Labrador, Canada. Located on the southeastern Atlantic coast, St. John’s was a small fishing base from the early 16th century; it was colo¬ nized by the British in 1583. Attacked several times by the French, it was securely British from 1762 and prospered as a fishing port, despite several disastrous fires in the 19th century. It is a commercial and industrial centre, a major ocean port, and the base for the province’s fishing fleet. Industries include shipbuilding and fish processing. The annual regatta is one of the oldest sports events in North America. Signal Hill Historic Park memori¬ alizes several events, including Guglielmo Marconi’s reception of the first transatlantic wireless message from Europe (1901).