Saint Petersburg City (pop., 2000: 248,232), west-central Florida, U.S. It lies near the tip of Pinellas Peninsula, adjacent to Tampa Bay. Settled in 1876, it became in the late 1940s one of the first Florida cities to encourage tourists to spend their retirement years there. It is a winter resort and a centre for yachting and sport fishing. The city is connected by sev¬ eral bridges with a string of sandy islands (west) between the Gulf of Mexico and Boca Ciega Bay; seaside communities such as St. Pete Beach are located there. To the south, the Sunshine Skyway Bridge across the lower bay links the city to Bradenton and Sarasota.
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon \'sant- , pir... , mi-k3- l lan\ French \se n - , pyer-a-me- , klo n \ French overseas territorial collectivity (pop., 1993 est.: 6,000). It consists of an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean off the southern coast of Newfoundland, Can. The largest island, Miquelon, has an area of 83 sq mi (215 sq km). St.-Pierre, with an area of 10 sq mi (26 sq km), is the administrative and commercial centre; almost 90% of the population live there. First settled by seafarers from western France early in the 17th century, the islands changed hands several times between France and Britain until an 1814 treaty made French possession final. They were classified as a French territory in 1946, a department in 1976, and a territorial collectivity in 1985. The economy is based on fishing.
Saint-Saens \sa n -'sa n s\, (Charles) Camille (b. Oct. 9, 1835, Paris, France—d. Dec. 16, 1921, Algiers) French composer. Astonishingly gifted from childhood, with a phenomenal memory (at his debut piano recital
at age 11, he offered to play any Beethoven sonata without music), he became a darling of the salons and a celebrated improviser. To promote new music by French composers, he founded the Societe Nationale de Musique in 1871. His compositions are often brilliant in their effects but not always profound. Of his 13 operas, Samson et Dalila (1877) had the greatest success. He wrote piano, cello, and violin concertos and three symphonies (including the “ Organ ” Symphony, 1886); his tone poem Danse macabre (1874) and the suite Carnival of the Animals (1886) are widely known.
Saint-Simon \sa n -se-'mo n \, (Claude-) Henri (de Rouvroy, comte) de (b. Oct. 17, 1760, Paris,
France—-d. May 19, 1825, Paris)
French social theorist. He joined the French army at age 17 and was sent to aid the colonists in the American Revolution. After his return to France (1783), he made a fortune in land speculation but gradually dissi¬ pated it. He turned to the study of science and technology as the solu¬ tion to society’s problems and wrote “On the Reorganization of European Society” (1814) and (with Auguste Comte) “Industry” (1816-18), in which he envisioned an industrial¬ ized state directed by modern sci¬ ence. In New Christianity (1825), he stated that religion should guide society toward improving life for the poor. His disciples helped influence the rise of Christian socialism.
Saint Thomas Chief island (pop.,
1990: 48,000), U.S. Virgin Islands.
Located east of Puerto Rico, it covers an area of 32 sq mi (83 sq km). The capital, Charlotte Amalie, has a well-sheltered harbour. Sighted in 1493 by Christopher Columbus, St. Thomas was colonized first by the Dutch (1657) and then by the Danish (1666). After 1673, when slavery was introduced, the island became one of the chief Caribbean sugar producers and a major slaving centre. Falling sugar prices after 1820 and the abolition of slavery in 1848 led to a decrease in profits. The U.S. bought St. Thomas for use as a naval base in 1917. The chief industry is tourism.
Saint Vincent, Cape Cape, Portugal. Located at the southwesternmost point of Portugal, the cape was known to the Greeks and Romans as Promontorium Sacrum (“Sacred Point”) because of a shrine there. Pasto- ralism and fishing are the economic mainstays of the region. Near Sagres, the main settlement, was the town of Vila do Infante, where c. 1420 Prince Henry the Navigator established a naval observatory and school for navi¬ gators. Many naval battles have taken place off the cape.
Saint Vincent, Gulf Triangular inlet of the Indian Ocean, southeast¬ ern Australia. It is on the coast of South Australia between Yorke Penin¬ sula (west) and the mainland (east and southeast). About 90 mi (145 km) long and 45 mi (73 km) wide, it is linked to the ocean by Investigator Strait and Backstairs Passage. Kangaroo Island lies across the gulfs entrance. Adelaide and Port Adelaide Enfield (pop., 2004 est.: 103,830), South Australia’s leading port, are on its eastern side.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines \'gre-n9-,denz\ Island country, Windward Islands, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It is composed of Saint Vincent island and the northern Grenadines. Area: 150 sq mi (389 sq km). Pop. (2005 est.): 119,000. Capitaclass="underline" Kingstown. Most of the population is of African descent. Languages: English (official), French patois. Religions: Christianity (mostly Protestant; also other Christians, Roman Catholic); also Hinduism, Islam. Currency: Eastern Caribbean dollar. The islands are composed of volcanic rock. Thickly wooded volcanic mountains run north- south and are cut by many swift streams. Soufriere (4,048 ft [1,234 m]), the highest of the mountains, has had devastating volcanic eruptions. Agricul¬ ture is the mainstay of the economy, and export crops include bananas and arrowroot. Tourism is also important. The country is a constitutional mon¬ archy with one legislative house; its chief of state is the British monarch represented by the governor-general, and the head of government is the prime minister. The French and the British contested for control of Saint Vincent until 1763, when it was ceded to England by the Treaty of Paris.
Henri de Saint-Simon, lithograph by L. Deymaru, 19th century
BBC HULTON PICTURE LIBRARY
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
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The original inhabitants, the Caribs, recog¬ nized British sovereignty but revolted in 1795. Most of the Caribs were deported; many who remained were killed in volcanic eruptions in 1812 and 1902. In 1969 Saint
Vincent became a self-governing state in association with the United King¬ dom, and in 1979 it achieved full independence.
Sainte-Beuve \sa n t-'bcev\, Charles-Augustin (b. Dec. 23, 1804, Boulogne, France—d. Oct. 13, 1869, Paris) French literary historian and critic. In 1825 he began contributing critical articles to periodicals. In essays collected in Critiques et portraits litteraires, 5 vol. (1832—39) and Portraits contemporains (1846), he developed a new approach to critiqu¬ ing living writers that involved extensive biographical research to under¬ stand their mental attitudes. His famous “Monday Chats,” published in newspapers from 1849 to 1869, were detailed, well-rounded literary stud¬ ies in which he applied historical frames of reference to contemporary writing. His methods revolutionized French criticism by freeing it from personal prejudice and partisan passions. His Port-Royal (1840-48) is a scholarly history of an abbey and of 17th-century France.