salivary gland \'sal-3-,ver-e\ Any of the organs that secrete saliva. Three pairs of major glands secrete saliva into the mouth through distinct ducts: the parotid glands (the largest), between the ear and the back of the lower jaw; the submaxillary glands, along the side of the lower jaw; and the sublingual glands, in the floor of the mouth near the chin. There are also numerous small glands in the tongue, palate, lips, and cheeks. The presence, smell, or thought of food normally increases secretion.
Saljuq dynasty See SeuOq dynasty
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Salk ► salsify I 1673
Salk \'s6k\, Jonas (Edward) (b. Oct. 28, 1914, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. June 23, 1995, La Jolla, Calif.) U.S. physician and researcher. He received his M.D. from New York University. Working with other sci¬ entists to classify poliovirus, he confirmed earlier studies that identified three strains. He showed that killed virus of each strain could induce anti¬ body formation without producing disease. Salk’s vaccine was released for use in the U.S. in 1955. From 1963 he directed the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in
Salle \sa-'la\, Marie (b. 1707—d. July 27, 1756, Paris, Fr.) French dancer and choreographer. She made her debut at the Paris Opera in 1721. In London and Paris she performed in a new expressive, dramatic style that later was championed as the ballet d’action by Jean-Georges Noverre. With Pygmalion (1734) she became the first woman to choreograph a bal¬ let in which she danced and also the first to discard the traditional restric¬ tive costume for a muslin dress. Her rivalry with Marie Camargo led her to appear more frequently in London, where she danced in several of George Frideric Handel’s opera ballets. She retired from the Opera in 1740.
Sallust Vsa-lost\ Latin Gaius Sallustius Crispus (b. c. 86 bc, Amit- ernum, Samnium—d. 35/34 bc) Roman historian. Sallust probably had military experience before taking political office during the strife of the 50s. He began to write after his political career ended c. 45 bc, becoming one of the great Latin literary stylists, noted for his narrative writings about political personalities, corruption, and party rivalry. His works, whose influence pervades later Roman historiography, are Catiline’s War (43^-2 bc), dealing with corruption in Roman politics; The Jugurthine War (41—40), exploring party struggles in Rome in the late 2nd century bc; and Histories , of which only fragments remain.
salmon Name that originally referred to the Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) and now also refers to six species of Pacific salmon (genus Onco- rhynchus, family Salmonidae): chum, Chinook, pink, and sockeye salmon; coho; and the cherry salmon (O. masu) of Japan. Adult salmon live at sea, then migrate, fighting rapids and leaping high falls, to the stream where they hatched to spawn. Pacific salmon die soon after spawning; many Atlantic salmon live to spawn again. See also trout.
Salmon River River, central Idaho, U.S. It flows northeast past the town of Salmon, where it is joined by the Lemhi River, and then north¬ west to join the Snake River south of the Idaho-Oregon-Washington bor¬ der. It is about 420 mi (676 km) long. It is the largest tributary of the Snake and flows through an extensive wildlife area of national forests.
salmon trout See lake trout
salmonella X.sal-mo-'ne-taN Any of the rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-oxygen-requiring bacteria that make up the genus Salmonella. Their main habitat is the intestinal tract of humans and other animals. Some of the 2,200 species exist in animals without causing disease; others are seri¬ ous pathogens. Any of a wide range of mild to serious infections caused by salmonellae are called salmonellosis, including typhoid and paratyphoid fever in humans. Refrigeration prevents their reproduction but does not kill them; as a result, many salmonellae can develop in foods, which, when eaten, can cause gastroenteritis. Chickens are major reservoirs of salmo¬ nella, and chicken and eggs are the principal source of human poisoning, whose symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, chills, and painful head¬ aches. Other food sources include unpasteurized milk, ground meat, and fish.
salmonellosis \ I sal-m3-,ne-To-s9s\ Any of several bacterial infections caused by salmonella, including typhoid and similar fevers and gastroen¬ teritis (see food poisoning). Meat from diseased animals carries the bac¬ teria, and any food can pick it up from infected feces in the field or during storage or from contaminated food or utensils during food preparation. The source is often hard to trace. Eggs from infected hens can carry it within, not just on the shells. Onset is sudden and sometimes severe, with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and low fever. Most patients recover within days, with some degree of immunity. Prevention requires care in food handling, especially thorough cooking.
Salome Vso-'lo-me, 'sa-l3-(,)ma\ Stepdaughter of Herod Antipas, who caused the death of John the Baptist. The event is recounted in the gospels of Matthew and Mark, though her name is given only by the historian Josephus. John had been imprisoned for denouncing Herod’s adulterous marriage to Herodias, but Herod was afraid to kill him. When Salome, daughter of Herodias, danced before the king, he promised to give her
anything she asked as a reward, and she requested John’s head on a plat¬ ter. The scene was a popular subject in Christian art.
Salomon Vza-lo-m6n\, Erich (b. April 28, 1886, Berlin, Ger.—d. July 7, 1944, Auschwitz, Pol.) German photographer. He studied law at the University of Munich but soon abandoned his practice to pioneer in pho¬ tojournalism. He specialized in photographing heads of state in unguarded moments at international conferences and social gatherings. His purpose was to show the human qualities of world leaders, who up to that time had been stereotyped in stiff formal portraits. In May 1944 he was sent to the concentration camp at Auschwitz, where he died.
Salomon Vsa-lo-monV Haym (b. 1740, Lissa, Pol.—d. Jan. 6, 1785, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.) American patriot and financier. Forced to flee Poland for his revolutionary activities, he arrived in New York in 1772 and soon became a successful merchant and financier. A supporter of the patriot cause in the American Revolution, he was arrested and imprisoned by the British. In 1778 he escaped to Philadelphia, where he opened a brokerage office. He made loans in excess of $600,000 to help finance the new government, extended interest-free private loans to James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and others, and obtained French loans to the American government.
Salon \sa-Toii\ Official exhibition of art sponsored by the French gov¬ ernment. It originated in 1667 when Louis XIV sponsored an exhibit of the works of the members of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. The Salon derives its name from the exhibition’s location in the Salon d’Apollon of the Louvre Palace. After 1737 it became an annual event, and in 1748 the jury system of selection was introduced. During the French Revolution, the Salon was opened to all French artists, though academicians continued to maintain near-total control over the teaching and exhibition of art through most of the 19th century. In 1881 the new Societe des Artistes Frangais began to oversee the Salon, and with the growing importance of independent exhibitions of the works of avant- garde artists, it gradually lost its influence and prestige.