Salon des Independants \sa- , l6 n -da-za 11 -da-pa n - , da n \ Annual unjur¬ ied exhibition of the Societe des Artistes Independants, held in Paris since 1884. Organized as a second Salon des Refuses, it was established in response to the rigid traditionalism of the official government-sponsored Salon. Its first show exhibited works by Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh, and Georges Seurat. By 1905 Henri Rousseau, Pierre Bonnard, Henri Matisse, and the Fauves had all exhibited there.
Salon des Refuses \sa-To n -da-r9-ftE-'za\ Art exhibition held in 1863 in Paris by command of Napoleon III for those artists whose works had been refused by the jury of the official Salon. Among the exhibitors were Camille Pissarro, Henri Fantin-Iatour, James M. Whistler, and Edouard Manet, whose scandalous Le Dejeuner sur l ’herbe was officially regarded as an affront to taste.
Salonika See Thessaloniki
salsa Spanish "sauce" Contemporary Latin American dance music. Salsa developed in Cuba in the 1940s. It drew upon local musical styles, such as charanga (featuring prima¬ rily strings and flute) and the dance music of the conjuntos (bands), and blended them with elements of jazz.
In the 1950s salsa began to flourish in New York City, where it incorpo¬ rated traditional Puerto Rican rhythms, and later, elements from Venezuelan and Colombian music and rhythm and blues. Its stars have included Celia Cruz, Tito Puente, and Willie Colon.
salsify Vsal-so-fe, 'sal-s9-,fi\ or
oyster plant or vegetable oyster Biennial herbaceous plant (Tragopogon porrifolius) of the com¬ posite family, native to the Mediterra¬ nean. The thick white taproot is cooked as a vegetable and tastes somewhat like oysters. The plant has purple flowers and narrow leaves
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1674 I salt ► Salween River
whose bases usually clasp the stem. Goatsbeard, or meadow salsify ( T. pratensis ), is a weedy European species, naturalized in North America, that has a large yellow flower head. It is occasionally cultivated as an ornamen¬ tal, and its leaves, flowers, and roots are sometimes eaten in salads.
salt Chemical compound formed when the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a metal or its equivalent, such as ammonium (NH 4 ). Typically, an acid and a base react to form a salt and water. Most inorganic salts ionize (see ion) in water solution. Sodium chloride —common table salt—is the most familiar salt; sodium bicarbonate (bicarbonate of soda), silver nitrate, and calcium carbonate are others.
SALT See Stratetic Arms Limitation Talks
salt dome Largely subsurface geologic structure that consists of a ver¬ tical cylinder of salt embedded in horizontal or inclined strata. In the broadest sense, the term includes both the core of salt and the strata that surround and are “domed” by the core. Major accumulations of oil and natural gas are associated with salt domes in the U.S., Mexico, the North Sea, Germany, and Romania; domes along the Gulf Coast contain large quantities of sulfur. Salt domes are also major sources of salt and potash on the Gulf Coast and in Germany, and they have been used for under¬ ground storage of liquefied propane gas. Storage “bottles,” made by drill¬ ing into the salt and then forming a cavity by subsequent solution, have been considered as sites for disposal of radioactive wastes.
Salt Lake City City (pop., 2000: 181,743), capital of Utah, U.S. Located on the Jordan River, near the southeastern end of Great Salt Lake, it was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young and a group of 148 Mormons as a refuge from religious persecution. It was known as Great Salt Lake City until 1868. It prospered from rail connections to become a hub of western commerce and became the state capital in 1896. The largest city in the state, it lies at an altitude of 4,390 ft (1,338 m). It is a commercial centre for nearby mining operations and has diversified manufacturing industries. It is the headquarters of the Mormon Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which influences the social, economic, political, and cultural life of the state and region. It is the site of the Mormon Temple and Tabernacle. It was the host city of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.
Salt River River, east-central Arizona, U.S. A tributary of the Gila River, it is formed at the confluence of the Black and White rivers. It flows west 200 mi (320 km) and empties into the Gila River southwest of Phoenix. It is part of the Colorado River drainage basin. A system of dams forms a chain of lakes that provides hydroelectric power. In pre-Columbian times the river valley was cultivated by Hohokam Indians who constructed sys¬ tems of irrigation canals.
Salta City (pop., 1999 est.: 457,223), northwestern Argentina. It lies in the irrigated Lerma valley in the Andes Mountains on a headstream of the Salado River. Founded in 1582 as San Felipe de Lerma, it was the scene of the defeat of the Spanish royal forces in 1813 during the Argentine war of independence. The economy is based on farming, lumbering, stock raising, and mining. Its nearby thermal springs are popular with tourists, and it has grown in importance as a centre of archaeological investiga¬ tions of pre-Columbian Indian cultures, including the Inca.
saltbox Clapboard house of the original New England settlers having two stories in front, a single story in the rear, and a double-sloped roof that is longer over the rear section. It arose from the tradition of locating the kitchen in a lean-to behind the house; the roof was simply extended over the lean-to, creating the characteristic long-in-back silhouette.
Saltillo \sal-'te-yo\ City (pop., 2000: 562,587), capital of Coahuila state, northeastern Mexico. Founded in 1575, it was the first Spanish settlement in the area. In 1824-36 it was the capital of a vast province that included what is now Texas and other areas of the American Southwest. It is now a commercial, communications, and manufacturing centre; its products include woolen fabrics, knitted goods, and flour. Gold, silver, lead, and coal are mined in the nearby mountains. Located at an elevation of about 5,250 ft (1,600 m), it has a cool, dry climate that has made it a summer resort.
Salton Sea Saline lake, southeastern California, U.S. The area that is now the lake was a salt-covered sink or depression about 280 ft (85 m) below sea level until 1905-06, when diversion controls on the Colorado River broke below the Califomia-Mexico border and floodwaters rushed north, filling the depression. In 1907 a line of protective levees was built to prevent further deepening of the depression. The lake has an area of 344 sq mi (890 sq km). Its surface is now about 235 ft (72 m) below sea
level, and its salinity is similar to that of seawater. Part of a state recre¬ ation area, it has swimming, boating, and camping facilities.
saltpetre or nitre also spelled saltpeter or niter Transparent, colourless, or white powder or crystals of potassium nitrate (KN0 3 ), found native in deposits. It is a strong oxidizing agent (see oxidation-reduction), used in fireworks, explosives, matches, fertilizers, glassmaking, steel tem¬ pering, and food curing; as a reagent; and as an oxidizer in solid rocket propellants. The term is also used for sodium nitrate (Chile saltpetre) and calcium nitrate (lime saltpetre), both of which are used in the nitric acid industry and as fertilizers, and for ammonium nitrate (Norway saltpetre), a high explosive and fertilizer.
Saluda \s3-'lii-d3\ River River, west-central South Carolina, U.S. Ris¬ ing in the Blue Ridge Mountains, in northern and southern forks that join northwest of Greenville, the main stream flows southeast past Pelzer. After a course of about 145 mi (233 km), it joins the Broad River at Columbia to form the Congaree River. The name Saluda is of Indian origin, prob¬ ably meaning “river of corn.”
saluki \s9-'lu-ke\ Breed of hound whose ancestors may date to 7000 bc. It was sacred to the Egyptians, who called it the “royal dog of Egypt” and used it to hunt gazelle. Keen-sighted and hardy, it resembles a greyhound, with long ears and silky coat. Colours can be solid white, tan, or reddish brown or a combination of black, tan, and white. It stands 18-28 in. (46-71 cm) tall and weighs 45-60 lb (20-27 kg).