Bardeen, John (b. May 23, 1908, Madison, Wis., U.S.—d. Jan. 30, 1991, Boston, Mass.) U.S. physicist. He earned a Ph.D. in mathematical physics from Princeton University. He worked for the U.S. Naval Ord¬ nance Laboratory during World War II, after which he worked for Bell Telephone Laboratories. His work there led to his sharing a 1956 Nobel Prize with William B. Shockley and Walter H. Brattain for the invention of the transistor. In 1972 he again shared a Nobel Prize, this time with Leon Cooper and J. Robert Schrieffer for developing the theory of supercon¬ ductivity (1957); this theory (called the BCS theory, for Bardeen-Cooper- Schrieffer) is the basis for all later theoretical work in superconductivity. Bardeen was also the author of a theory explaining certain properties of SEMICONDUCTORS.
Bardesanes \,bar-d3-'sa-nez\ or Bardaisan \,bar-dl-'san\ (b. July 11, 154, Edessa, Syria—d. c. 222, Edessa) Syrian Gnostic Christian and speculative thinker. He converted to Christianity in 179 and became a missionary. He attacked the fatalism of the Greek philosophers and, show¬ ing the influence of Gnosticism, ascribed the creation of the world, the Devil, and evil to a hierarchy of gods rather than to the supreme God. His chief written work. The Dialogue of Destiny, is the oldest known example of Syriac literature. He is also remembered for his Syriac hymns.
Bardot \bar-'d6\, Brigitte (b. Sept. 28, 1934, Paris, France) French film actress. She was discovered by Roger Vadim when she appeared on a magazine cover at 15 and made her film debut in 1952. Vadim crafted her “sex kitten” image for his films And God Created Woman (1956) and The Night Heaven Fell (1958), which set box-office records and made her an international star. She displayed her acting ability in such films as The Truth (1960), Contempt (1963), and Viva Maria! (1965). An animal rights activist, she established an animal welfare organization in 1987.
Barenboim Vbar-on-.boinrf, Daniel (b. Nov. 15, 1942, Buenos Aires, Arg.) Argentine-born Israeli pianist and conductor. A prodigy, he made his debut at age eight. His family moved to Israel in 1952, and he first performed in the U.S. at Carnegie Hall in 1957. As a pianist he became known for his colourful interpretations of Classical and Romantic com¬ posers. He started conducting professionally in 1962 and led the English Chamber Orchestra (1964-75) and the Orchestre de Paris (1975-89). He became principal conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in 1991 and was appointed music director of the Berlin State Opera in 1992. He has been a prominent advocate for peace in the Middle East.
Barents Sea Outlying portion of the Arctic Ocean. Named for the Dutch explorer Willem Barents, it is bounded by the Norwegian and northwestern Russian mainland (south), the Norwegian Sea and Svalbard (west), Franz Josef Land (north), and the Kara Sea and Novaya Zemlya (east). It is 800 mi (1,300 km) long and 650 mi (1,050 km) wide and covers 542,000 sq mi (1,405,000 sq km). Its average depth is 750 ft (229 m), with a maximum depth of 2,000 ft (600 m) in the major Bear Island Trench.
bargello \bar-'je-lo\ or Florentine canvas work Type of 17th- century embroidery, named for the upholstery of a set of Italian chairs at Florence’s Bargello Museum. It consists of a wavy zigzag pattern of flat vertical stitches laid parallel with the canvas weave, rather than crossing the intersections diagonally as in most canvas stitches, in gradating tones of the same colour or in contrasting colours. The characteristic stitch is called Florentine, cushion, Hungarian, or flame stitch (an allusion to the flamelike gradation of colour).
Bari \'ba-re\ ancient Barium Seaport city (pop., 2001 prelim.: 332,143), capital of Puglia, southeastern Italy. Evidence shows that the site may have been inhabited since 1500 bc. Under the Romans it became an important port. In the 9th century ad it was a Moorish stronghold, but it was taken by the Byzantines in 885. Peter the Hermit preached the First Crusade there in 1096. Razed by the Sicilians in 1156, it acquired new greatness in the 13th century under Frederick II. It became an independent duchy in the 14th century, passed to the Kingdom of Naples in 1558, and became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
barite Vbar-.flA or barytes \b3-'rl-tez\ or heavy spar Most com¬ mon barium mineral, barium sulfate (BaS0 4 ). It commonly forms as platy
crystals (known as crested barite).
Barite is abundant in parts of Spain,
Germany, and the U.S. Commer¬ cially, ground barite is used in oil well and gas well drilling muds; in the preparation of barium com¬ pounds; as a filler for paper, cloth, and phonograph records; as a white pigment; and as an inert material in coloured paints.
baritone In vocal music, the most common category of male voice, between the bass and the tenor. Its range is approximately from the sec¬ ond A below middle C to the F above middle C. The term baritonus was first employed in 15th-century five- and six-voice part music; when four- part settings became standard, the baritone part was dropped, and natural baritones were forced to develop either their bass or tenor register. Instru¬ ments that play principally in the baritone register include the baritone saxophone and the baritone horn.
barium Vbar-e-snrf Chemical element, one of the alkaline earth metals, chemical symbol Ba, atomic number 56. It is very reactive and in com¬ pounds always has valence 2. In nature it is found chiefly as the minerals barite (barium sulfate) and witherite (barium carbonate). The element is used in metallurgy, and its compounds are used in fireworks, petroleum mining, and radiology and as pigments and reagents. All soluble barium compounds are toxic. Barium sulfate, one of the most insoluble salts known, is given in a “barium meal” as a contrast medium for X-ray exami¬ nation of the gastrointestinal tract.
bark In woody plants, tissues out¬ side of the vascular cambium. The term is also used more popularly to refer to all tissues outside the wood.
The inner soft bark is produced by the vascular cambium; it consists of secondary phloem (food-conducting) tissue whose innermost layer trans¬ ports food from the leaves to the rest of the plant. The layered outer bark contains cork and old, dead phloem.
The bark is usually thinner than the woody part of the stem or root.
bark beetle Any member of the beetle family Scolytidae, many of which severely damage trees. Bark beetles are cylindrical, brown or black, and usually less than 0.25 in.
(6 mm) long. A male and females (as many as 60 females with each male) bore into a tree and form a chamber where each female deposits her eggs.
The emerging larvae bore away from the chamber, forming a characteris¬ tic series of tunnels. Different spe¬ cies attack particular trees, damaging roots, stems, seeds, or fruits. Some species transmit disease (e.g., elm bark beetles carry spores of the fun¬ gal Dutch elm disease).
bark painting Abstract and figu¬ rative designs applied to nonwoven fabric made from bark. Also called tapa, the pieces are made by scratch¬ ing or painting the designs. The most popular material is the inner bark of the paper mulberry tree. The bark is stripped off, soaked, and beaten until it is thin. Today hand-painted bark cloth is made in northern Australia,
New Guinea, and parts of Melanesia.
Styles and imagery vary by location,
Bark beetle (Dendroctonus valens)
WILLIAM E. FERGUSON
Tapa wall drapery painted with animal clan emblems, from the Teluk Jos Sudarso (Humboldt Bay) area, Irian Jaya (West New Guinea), Indonesia, in the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde Justinus van Nassau, Breda, Neth.
HOLLE BILDARCHIV, BADEN-BADEN, GER.
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