San Joaquin \,san-wa-'ken\ River River, central California, U.S. Formed by forks rising in the Sierra Nevada, it flows past Stockton, Calif., to join the Sacramento River above Suisun Bay. It is 350 mi (560 km) long and is dammed for hydroelectric power. Its valley is the southern part of the Central Valley, one of the most productive agricultural regions in the U.S.
San Jose \,saq-ho-'sa\ City (pop., 2000: 309,672), capital of Costa Rica. Founded c. 1736 as Villa Nueva in a broad, fertile valley about 3,800 ft (1,160 m) above sea level, it developed slowly as a tobacco centre in the Spanish colonial era. In 1823 it became the capital and in the 1840s the centre of coffee production, which remained the chief source of the coun¬ try’s income through the 19th century. The political, social, and economic centre of Costa Rica, it grew rapidly throughout the 20th century in both population and area.
San Jose \,san-h6-'za\ City (pop., 2000: 894,943), west-central Cali¬ fornia, U.S. Located southeast of San Francisco, San Jose was the first civic settlement in California. Founded in 1777 as a farming community, it became a Spanish military supply base and was the state’s first capital (1849-52). In 1850 it became the first chartered city in California. It was a trade depot for the California gold fields. The railroad from San Fran¬ cisco improved trade connections for the produce of nearby farms. San Jose is a processing and distribution centre for a rich agricultural area producing fruit and wine. It is part of Silicon Valley, and its industries include the manufacture of electronic, computer, and aerospace compo¬ nents, auto parts, and consumer goods.
San Jose scale Species (Aspidiotus pemiciosus ) of scale insect first discovered in North America at San Jose, Cal., in 1880 but probably a native of China. A waxy gray secretion (the scale) covers the yellow females, which are about 0.06 in. (1.5 mm) in diameter. The scale is elevated in the center and is surrounded by a yellow ring. The female produces several generations of living young each year. San Jose scales can completely cover tree branches and may eventually kill the tree.
San Juan \san-'hwan\ City (pop., 2000: metro, area, 421,958), seaport, and capital of Puerto Rico. It was visited in 1508 by Juan Ponce de Leon and founded in the early 16th century by the Spanish. It became heavily fortified and was a starting point for expeditions to unknown parts of the New World. Several times it was attacked by the British, including Fran¬ cis Drake in 1595. In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, San Juan fell to the U.S. The city expanded rapidly in the 20th century and is one of the major ports and tourist resorts of the West Indies. Industries include petroleum and sugar refining, brewing, and distilling. San Juan is the commonwealth’s financial capital and many U.S. banks and corporations maintain offices there. El Morro and San Cristobal fortifications are among the city’s historic remnants.
San Juan Island National Historical Park Historical park, San Juan Islands, northwestern Washington, U.S. Established in 1966, it cov¬ ers 1,752 ac (710 ha). The San Juan Islands archipelago consists of 172 islands and makes up a county of Washington state.
San Juan Mountains Segment of the southern Rocky Mountains, southwestern Colorado and northern New Mexico, U.S. The mountains extend from southwestern Colorado along the course of the Rio Grande to the Chama River in northern New Mexico. Many peaks in the north¬ ern section exceed 14,000 ft (4,300 m), including Mounts Eolus, Sneffels, and Redcloud. Uncompahgre Peak is the highest, at 14,309 ft (4,361 m). Composed mainly of volcanic rocks, the mountains have a rugged, well- forested terrain.
San Juan River River and outlet of Lake Nicaragua, southern Nica¬ ragua. It flows from the lake’s southeastern end, forms the border of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and empties into the Caribbean Sea; it is 124 mi (199 km) long. Near its mouth it divides and forms the Juanillo Menor, Colorado, and San Juan rivers.
San Juan River River, southwestern U.S. It rises in the San Juan Mountains of southern Colorado, on the western side of the Continental Divide. It flows southwest into New Mexico, northwest into Utah, and west to the Colorado River. It is 360 mi (580 km) long and not navigable. The section of the river where the boundaries of New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, and Colorado meet, where the San Juan has carved numerous S-shaped canyons more than 1,000 ft (300 m) deep, is known as the Goosenecks.
San Luis Potosi City (pop., 2000: 629,208), capital of San Luis PotosI state, Mexico. Situated on the central plateau, it is about 6,100 ft (1,850 m) above sea level. Founded as a Franciscan mission in 1583 and made a city in 1658, it was the centre of the region’s colonial administration. It was the site of Benito Juarez’s government in 1863. In 1910 Francisco AAadero drew up the basic social and political program of the Mexican Revolution in the city. It is the hub of a rich silver mining and agricultural region and is a leading manufacturing, metal smelting, and refining centre.
San Luis Potosi \san-'lwes-po-to-'se\ State (pop., 2000: 2,299,360), northeastern Mexico. It has an area of 24,351 sq mi (63,068 sq km), and its capital is San Luis Potosi. It is a fertile area, and crops are cultivated in the uplands and in the lower tropical valleys. Livestock raising is impor¬ tant, and hides, tallow, and wool are exported. Some of the richest silver mines in Mexico are located in the state.
San Marco Basilica See Saint Mark's Basilica
San Marino officially Republic of San Marino Country, central Italian peninsula, southern Europe. It is located near the Adriatic Sea but is surrounded by Italy. Area: 24 sq mi (61 sq km). Population (2005 est.):
30,100. Capitaclass="underline" San Marino. Most of the people are Sammarinesi with a significant J
minority of Italians. Language: Italian * ‘ 2 ‘ 3 k!n
(official). Religion: Christianity (predomi¬ nantly Roman Catholic). Currency: euro.
San Marino has an irregular rectangular form with a maximum length of 8 mi (13 km). It is crossed by streams that flow into the Adriatic Sea and is dominated by Mount Titano (2,424 ft [739 m]), on which the capital, the town of San Marino, is located, surrounded by triple walls. The economy is based on private enterprise and includes tourism, commerce, agriculture, crafts, and fine printing, particularly of postage stamps. San Marino is a republic with one legislative house; its heads of state and government are two captains-regent. According to tradition, it was founded in the early 4th century ad by St. Marinus. By the 12th century it had developed into a commune and remained independent despite chal¬ lenges from neighbouring rulers, including the Malatesta family in nearby Rimini. San Marino survived the Renaissance as a relic of the self- governing Italian city-state and remained an independent republic after the
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San Marino ► Sancho III Garces I 1679
unification of Italy in 1861-70. It is one of the smallest republics in the world and may be the oldest one in Europe. At the beginning of the 21st century, its citizens enjoyed a high standard of living.
San Marino City (pop., 2000: 12,945), southwestern California, U.S. It is east of Los Angeles and south of Pasadena. In 1903 railroad magnate Henry E. Huntington (1850-1927) purchased the San Marino Ranch and founded the community, which was incorporated in 1913. His estate, deeded to the public, includes the Huntington Library (with rare English and American books and manuscripts). Art Gallery (where Thomas Gains¬ borough’s Blue Boy is displayed), and Botanical Gardens.
San Martin V.san-mar-'tenN, Jose de (b. Feb. 25, 1778, Yapeyu, Vice¬ royalty of Rio de la Plata—d. Aug. 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Fr.) National hero of Argentina who helped lead the revolutions against Span¬ ish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821). Son of a pro¬ fessional soldier and colonial administrator, he was educated in Spain. Initially he fought loyally for Spain against the Moors (1791), the British (1798), and the Portuguese (1801), but in 1812 he returned to the New World to help the revolutionaries. His greatest campaign was the libera¬ tion of Lima, without which the independence of the Argentine provinces could not have been secured. His bold strategy was to lead an army over the Andes, a daunting undertaking. In 1817 he liberated Chile, which he turned over to Bernardo O' Higgins, and proceeded to Peru by ship, where he blockaded the chief port until the royalists withdrew. He then entered Lima and declared the independence of Peru, though he lacked adequate forces to subdue the royalists in the interior. The following year he met with Simon Bolivar; what passed between them is unknown, but San Mar¬ tin soon afterward went into exile in France, leaving Bolivar to complete the liberation of Peru.