sannyasi \,s9n-'ya-se\ In Hinduism, one who renounces all ties with family and society and pursues spiritual liberation. Sannyasis are a class of sadhu that do not live in communities, instead leading a mendicant, itinerant life. Those recognized as having achieved full self-knowledge are considered free of all worldly rules and duties, including those per¬ taining to caste, and are not required to carry out image worship or offer¬ ings. After death, their bodies, rather than being cremated, are buried in a seated, meditative posture.
sansculotte \ l sa n -kue-'l6t,\ English \,sanz-ku-'lat\ (French sans-culotte, “without breeches”) In the French Revolution, one of the ill-clad and ill- equipped volunteers of the Revolutionary army; also a Parisian ultradem¬ ocrat of the Revolution. The working-class sansculottes wore long trousers to distinguish themselves from the upper classes, who wore knee- breeches ( culotte ). Allied with the Jacobins (see Jacobin Club) in the Reign of Terror, sansculottes included ultrademocrats of all classes. Their influ¬ ence waned after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in 1794. See also Jacques Hebert.
Sanskrit language Old Indo-Aryan language, the classical literary language of Hinduism. The most ancient form is Vedic, attested in its ear¬ liest form in parts of the Rig Veda, dating from the late 2nd millennium bc. Late Vedic Sanskrit was described and codified in a grammar by Panini, dating from about the 5th century bc. Literary activity in so-called Classical Sanskrit, in many respects similar to the language described by Panini, flourished c. 500 bc-c. ad 1000. Today Sanskrit (now usually written in the Devanagari script) serves as a learned language and lingua franca for Brahman scholars. It is an archaic Indo-European language with an elaborate system of nominal and verbal inflection.
Sansovino V.san-so-'ve-noV Andrea orig. Andrea Contucci (b. c.
1467, Monte San Savino, Republic of Florence—d. 1529, Monte San Savino) Italian sculptor. The fine detail and high emotional pitch of his marble Altar of the Sacrament in Florence’s Santo Spirito (1485-90) typify his early work; his marble Baptism of Christ (1502), above one of the Baptistery doors in Florence, marks a shift to High Renaissance style with its dignified poses and strong but controlled emotion. His tombs for two cardinals in Rome’s Santa Maria del Popolo (completed 1509) were his most influential innovation, with their triumphal-arch form and the novel sleeping attitude of the deceased cardinals. His works display the transition from early to High Renaissance, and his graceful style acted as a counterbalance to Michelangelo’s titanic, muscular sculpture throughout the 16th century.
Sansovino V.san-so-'ve-noV, Jacopo orig. Jacopo Tatti (b. July 2, 1486, Florence, Republic of Florence—d. Nov. 27, 1570, Venice, Repub¬ lic of Venice) Italian sculptor and architect. He trained in Florence under Andrea Sansovino, whose name he adopted. In 1505-06 he moved to Rome to study architecture and work on the restoration of ancient sculp¬ ture. After the sack of Rome in 1527 he fled to Venice, where he was appointed state architect (1529). His Library of St. Mark’s (begun 1537) is one of the major architectural works of the 16th century. His vivid sculptures were often important decorative elements of his buildings. His best-known statues are the colossal figures of Mars and Neptune on the staircase of the Doges’ Palace (1554-66). He was more successful than any other Renaissance architect in fusing architecture and sculpture.
Santa Ana City (pop., 2000: 337,977), southwestern California, U.S. Located east of Long Beach, the site was laid out in 1869. The commu¬ nity developed as a centre for the farm produce of the Santa Ana valley after the Southern Pacific Railroad connected it to Los Angeles in 1878. Nearby military installations and freeway construction spurred residential and industrial growth after World War II.
Santa Ana \,san-ta-'a-na\ City (pop., 1992: 139,389), northwestern El Salvador. It is one of the country’s largest cities and a major coffee- producing centre with one of the world’s largest coffee mills. Other indus¬ tries include the manufacture of cotton textiles, furniture, and leather goods. There are summer resorts at nearby Lake Coatepeque, and the ruined Indian city of Chalchuapa is 9 mi (14 km) west. Santa Ana Vol¬ cano, which reaches 7,755 ft (2,365 m), is also nearby.
Santa Anna, Antonio (Lopez de) (b. Feb. 21, 1794, Jalapa, Mex.—d. June 21, 1876, Mexico City) Soldier and several times presi¬ dent of Mexico (1833-36, 1844^-5, 1847, 1853-55). He fought on both
sides of nearly every issue of the day.
He is famous for his glorious victo¬ ries, including his thwarting of Spain’s attempt to reconquer Mexico (1829), and for his ignominious fail¬ ures, including his defeat and capture by Sam Houston at San Jacinto in the Texas revolt (1836). When the Mexi¬ can War broke out, he contacted Pres. James K. Polk to broker a peace, but on arriving in Mexico he led Mexican forces against the U.S.
(1846-47) and was driven into exile.
When Maximilian was made emperor of Mexico, Santa Anna offered his services both to Maximilian and to his opponents; neither side accepted.
He lived abroad 1855-74, finally returning to Mexico to die in pov¬ erty. See also Alamo; caudillo; La Reforma.
Santa Barbara City (pop., 2000:
92,325), southern California, U.S.
Located on the Pacific coast, Santa Barbara was named for the patron saint of mariners in 1602, and it became the site of a Spanish military post in 1782. The mission of Santa Barbara was built in 1786; it is the western headquarters of the Franciscan Order and has been in continuous use since its founding. The city developed into a busy port and was incorporated as a city in 1850. After the arrival (1887) of the Southern Pacific Rail¬ road, Santa Barbara became a popular seaside resort. Its economy is bol¬ stered by livestock farms and petroleum production. Its educational institutions include the University of California at Santa Barbara (1891).
Santa Barbara Islands See Channel Islands (California)
Santa Claus See Saint Nicholas
Santa Cruz \,san-ta-'krus\ City (pop., 2001: 1,116,059), east-central Bolivia. Founded by Spaniards from Paraguay in 1561 at what is now San Jose de Chiquitos, it was attacked repeatedly by Indians until 1595. It then was moved to its present location and renamed Santa Cruz de la Sierra. In 1811 its inhabitants declared their independence from Spain. Bolivia’s largest city, it is a trade centre for crops, including sugarcane and rice, grown in the surrounding area. It has an oil refinery and is the seat of a university.
Santa Cruz de Tenerife N.san-ta-'krUth-tha-.ta-ne-'re-faX Port city (pop., 2001: 188,477), capital of the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Spain. Founded in 1494, it occupies a small plain between two usually waterless ravines. It was attacked by the British in 1657 and 1797; the latter assault was led by Horatio Nelson. After 1877 growth was spurred by the banana and tomato trade and, later, by harbour improve¬ ments and tourism. In 1936 Francisco Franco, then captain general of the Canary Islands, organized from Santa Cruz the national uprising that led to the Spanish Civil War. Industries include oil refining.
Santa Fe City (pop., 2000: 62,203), capital of New Mexico, U.S. It lies at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Founded by the Spanish in 1610, it was the administrative, military, and missionary headquarters of a vast, sparsely populated Spanish colonial province during the 18th cen¬ tury. In the Mexican War in 1846, the city was occupied by U.S. forces under Gen. Stephen Kearny. After New Mexico was ceded to the U.S., Santa Fe became the capital of the territory in 1851. In 1912 it became the state capital. It was the western terminus of the Santa Fe Trail. It is a major tourist centre noted for Indian and Mexican handicrafts, and its large Spanish-American population has made it the cultural capital of the southwest. A popular summer resort, it also attracts winter skiers.