Santa Fe Railway See Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Co.
Santa Fe Trail Historic wagon trail from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S. An important commercial route from 1821 to 1880, it was opened by William Becknell and used by merchant wagon caravans. From the Missouri River the trail followed the divide between the tributaries of the Arkansas and Kansas rivers to the site of modern Great Bend, Kan., then proceeded along the Arkansas River. At the west¬ ern end three routes turned south to Santa Fe, the shortest being the
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, daguerreotype by F.W. Seiders.
COURTESY OF THE SAN JACINTO MUSEUM OF HISTORY ASSOCIATION, SAN JACINTO MONUMENT, TEXAS
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Santa Gertrudis ► Sao Francisco I 1683
Cimarron Cutoff through the valley of the Cimarron River. When the Santa Fe railroad was completed in 1880, use of the trail ceased.
Santa Gertrudis Heaviest breed of beef cattle, developed in the 20th century by the King Ranch in Texas by crossing Brahman bulls with shorthorn cows. It is usually solid red with occasional small white mark¬ ings on the forehead or the flanks. It has a long, deep body and much loose skin about the neck, brisket, and navel.
Santa Isabel or Ysabel Island, central Solomon Islands, western South Pacific Ocean. Located 50 mi (80 km) northwest of Guadalcanal, Santa Isabel is about 130 mi (209 km) long and 20 mi (32 km) wide at its widest point. Mount Marescot, rising 4,000 ft (1,219 m), is the highest peak. The island was under German control from 1886 to 1899; Rekata Bay on the northwestern coast was a Japanese military base during World War II. Coconut plantations and timber development are important to the economy.
Santa Isabel See Malabo
Santa River River, west-central Peru. Rising in the Cordillera Blanca branch of the Andes Mountains, it descends to the northwest to form the Huaylas Valley, a densely populated agricultural region. Below Huallanca, it veers west and plunges through a spectacular gorge, the Pato Canyon, to enter the Pacific Ocean after a course of 200 mi (300 km). It is har¬ nessed by hydroelectric stations to provide power.
Santa Rosa City (pop., 2000: 147,595), western California, U.S. Santa Rosa lies at the foot of the Sonoma Mountains, northwest of San Fran¬ cisco. Founded in 1833 and incorporated in 1868, it developed as a pro¬ cessing and shipping centre for the agricultural produce of the Sonoma valley. The economy relies on retail services catering to an increasing residential population. The city was the site of the home and gardens of plant breeder Luther Burbank. Nearby is the Jack London Memorial.
Santander V.san-.tan-'derX Port city (pop., 2001: 180,717), capital of the autonomous community ( comunidad autonoma ) of Cantabria, north¬ ern Spain. A major seaport and summer resort, it is situated on the south¬ ern shore of Cape Mayor, a rocky peninsula extending east and sheltering Santander Bay, an inlet of the Bay of Biscay. The city was rebuilt after a disastrous fire in 1941. In addition to tourism, the economy is based on fishing, iron refining, and shipbuilding. The caves of Altamira and Castillo are nearby.
Santayana \,san-ta-'ya-na\, George orig. Jorge Augustin Nicolas Ruiz de Santillana (b. Dec. 16, 1863, Madrid, Spain—d. Sept. 26, 1952, Rome, Italy) Spanish-born U.S. philosopher, poet, and humanist. Santayana moved to the U.S. as a boy in 1872. After graduating from Harvard, he taught philosophy there (with William James and Josiah Royce) from 1889 to 1912, and he began producing important contributions to aesthetics, speculative philosophy, and literary criticism, including The Sense of Beauty (1896), Interpretations of Poetry and Religion (1900), and The Life of Reason (1905-06). He returned to Europe in 1912. Scepticism and Animal Faith (1923) best conveys his theory of immediately appre¬ hended essences and describes the role played by “animal faith” in various forms of knowledge. He also wrote a novel. The Last Puritan (1935), and an autobiography. Persons and Places, 3 vol. (1944-53).
Santee \san-'te\ River River, southeast-central South Carolina, U.S. The Santee flows southeast into the Atlantic Ocean after a course of 143 mi (230 km). It has been dammed to form the reservoir Lake Marion, which is connected by a navigable waterway, Lake Moultrie, and the Cooper River to Charleston. The entire river system is the most impor¬ tant waterway and source of hydroelectric power in South Carolina.
Santeria \,san-te-'re-9\ Religious movement that originated in Cuba. It combines West African Yoruba beliefs and practices with elements of Roman Catholicism. It includes belief in one supreme being, but worship and rituals centre on orishas, deities or patron saints (with parallels among the Roman Catholic saints) that combine a force of nature and humanlike characteristics. Practices may include trance dancing, rhythmic drum¬ ming, spirit possession, and animal sacrifice. Santeria has a considerable following in the U.S., particularly in Florida and in other areas with large African and Hispanic populations. See also Candomble; Macumba; Vodou.
Santiago V.san-te-'a-goN City (pop., 2002 prelim.: 4,630,000), capital of Chile. It is located in central Chile, on the Mapocho River at an eleva¬ tion of about 1,700 ft (520 m). Founded in 1541 by the Spanish, the city has suffered repeatedly from earthquakes, floods, and civil disorder. It was
only slightly damaged during the War of Independence (1810-18) and became the capital of an independent Chile at the war’s end. It is the country’s economic and cultural centre and principal industrial city, pro¬ ducing textiles, footwear, and foodstuffs. The city boasts a cosmopolitan cultural life and is the home of the University of Chile.
Santiago (de los Caballeros) City (pop., 1993: 365,463), north- central Dominican Republic. Founded c. 1500, it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1562 and rebuilt a few miles away. Ruins of the old city are still visible in the district of San Francisco de Jacagua. It is the coun¬ try’s second largest city; its economy depends mainly on the production of pharmaceuticals, cigarettes, rum, and coffee.
Santiago de Compostela City (pop., 2001: 90,188), capital of Gali¬ cia autonomous community ( comunidad autonoma ), northwestern Spain. Santiago de Compostela contains a Romanesque cathedral completed in 1211 that was built on what was said to be the tomb of Jesus’ apostle St. James. This tomb, discovered in the 9th century, became the most impor¬ tant Christian pilgrimage site in Europe after Rome. The town that grew up around the tomb was destroyed in 997 by the Moors and was rebuilt in the Middle Ages. Chief economic activities include agriculture, silver- work, wood engraving, and the manufacture of linen and paper. The city is home to several colleges and a university.
Santiago de Cuba Seaport city (pop., 1994 est.: 440,000), eastern Cuba. The second largest city in Cuba, it was founded in 1514 and moved to its present site in 1522. It commanded a strategic location on the north¬ ern Caribbean Sea in the early colonial period and was the capital of Cuba until 1589. It was a focal point of the Spanish-American War, and in 1898 the entire Spanish fleet was destroyed near its coast. In 1953 it was the scene of Fidel Castro’s attack against the Moncada army barracks. It is the centre of an agricultural and mining region and exports copper, iron, manganese, sugar, and fruit.
Santo Domingo City (pop., 1993: metro, area, 1,556,000), capital of the Dominican Republic. It is situated on the southeastern coast of the island of Hispaniola, at the mouth of the Ozama River. Founded in 1496 by Christopher Columbus’s brother Bartolomeo as the capital of the first Spanish colony in the New World, it became the oldest permanent city established by Europeans in the Western Hemisphere. It was under French control (1795-1809), and it was annexed to Spain (1861-65). It became the capital of the Dominican Republic when the country gained indepen¬ dence from Spain in 1865. The city was renamed Ciudad Trujillo in 1936 for Pres. Rafael Trujillo, but it reverted to its original name after his assas¬ sination in 1961. It is the commercial and cultural centre of the republic and its principal seaport. Important industries include metallurgy and pet¬ rochemicals. It is the reputed site of the tomb of Christopher Columbus.