Schlondorff Vshloen-.dorfN, Volker (b. March 31, 1939, Wiesbaden, Ger.) German-U.S. film director. He studied filmmaking in Paris and worked for Louis Malle and Alain Resnais. He returned to Germany to make his first feature film, Young Torless (1968). He displayed a cool directo¬ rial style that distinguished him from others in the New German cinema
movement. Forming his own production company, he made movies such as The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum (1975) and Coup de Grace (1976). The Tin Drum (1979) won the Golden Palm at the Cannes Film Festival and an Academy Award for best foreign language film. His later films include Swann in Love (1984), Voyager (1991), and The Ogre (1998).
Schmalkaldic Articles \shmal-'kal-dik\ One of the confessions of faith of Lutheranism, written by Martin Luther in 1536 and considered by heads of state of the Schmalkaldic League in 1537. A response to a bull issued by Pope Paul III calling for a general council of the Roman Catho¬ lic church to deal with the Reformation, the articles were prepared in order to determine which issues could be negotiated with Roman Catholicism and which could not be compromised. The first section discusses the unity of God, the Holy Trinity, the Incarnation, and Jesus; on these subjects there was no disagreement with the Catholics. The second discusses justifica¬ tion by faith, the chief point of contention. The third deals with such mat¬ ters as sin, repentance, the sacraments, and confession.
Schmalkaldic League \'shmal-,kal-dik\ Defensive alliance by Prot¬ estant states of the Holy Roman Empire. It was established in 1531 at Schmalkalden, Germany, to defend the newly formed Lutheran churches from attack by the Catholic emperor Charles V. Fearing that the league would ally itself with his enemy, Francis I of France, Charles gave it de facto recognition until 1544, when he made peace with Francis. Charles then moved against the league militarily and by 1547 had effectively destroyed it. See also Schmalkaldic Articles.
Schmidt VshmitA, Helmut (b. Dec. 23, 1918, Hamburg, Ger.) German politician, chancellor of West Germany (1974-82). A member of the Social Democratic Party, he served in the Bundestag (1953-61, 1965-87). He was minister of defense (1969-72) and minister of finance (1972-74) before succeeding Willy Brandt as chancellor in 1974. A popular and capable chancellor, he continued the policy of Ostpolitik while maintain¬ ing West Germany’s key position in NATO and the European Commu¬ nity. His refusal to cut West Germany’s social welfare programs prompted the centrist Free Democrats to defect from his governing coalition. Los¬ ing his majority in the Bundestag, Schmidt resigned the chancellorship after a vote of no confidence in the Bundestag in October 1982. He was succeeded as chancellor by Helmut Kohl. Schmidt has written numerous books on German politics and international relations.
Schmidt-Rottluff Vshmit-'rot-lufV Karl orig. Karl Schmidt (b.
Dec. 1, 1884, Rottluff, Ger.—d. Aug.
9, 1976, West Berlin, W.Ger.) Ger¬ man painter and printmaker. As an architecture student in Dresden, he helped form Die Briicke in 1905. He soon realized the expressive poten¬ tial of flat, patterned design; his mature style, seen in Self-Portrait with Monocle (1910), is character¬ ized by boldly dissonant colours and jagged forms. After 1911, when he moved to Berlin, his paintings and woodcuts showed an interest in Cub¬ ism and African sculpture. Though his works had become more conven¬ tional by the 1930s, the Nazis offi¬ cially declared them “degenerate.”
After World War II he taught art and resumed painting, but his work never regained its former power.
Schnabel Vshna-bolV, Artur (b.
April 17,1882, Lipnik, Austria—d.Aug. 15,1951, Axenstein, Switz.) Aus¬ trian pianist and composer. When he was seven years old, his family moved to Vienna. There he studied with Theodor Leschetizky and also met Johannes Brahms and others. He made his debut in 1890. Based in Berlin from 1900 to 1933, he composed, taught, and gave legendary performances of the complete sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert for centenary celebrations. In the 1930s he became the first to record the complete Beethoven cycle. During the Nazi period, he moved to London, then to the U.S. Though he mostly played works of the past, his own compositions were ultramodern. Today he is uniquely revered by serious pianists.
Schnabel Yshna-bdlV, Julian (b. Oct. 26, 1951, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. painter. He studied at the University of Houston and the Whitney
Schliemann, detail of an engraving by A. Weger, after a photograph.
COURTESY OF THE DEUTSCHE STAATSBIBLIOTHEK, EAST BERLIN
Self-Portrait with Monocle, oil on can¬ vas by Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, 1910; in the National Gallery, Berlin.
COURTESY OF THE NATIONALGALERIE, STAATLICHE MUSEEN PREUSSISCHER KULTURBESITZ, BERUN
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
1700 I schnauzer ► schooner
Museum of American Art. In the 1980s he was a leading exponent of Neo-Expressionism. His works exhibit an ambivalent emotional tone, jar¬ ring colour harmonies, and a rough-hewn style; his best-known works incorporate shards of broken plates. Though he has enjoyed considerable success, there has been controversy regarding both the quality of his art and his aggressive self-promotion. Starting in the 1990s, Schnabel began to pursue film. He received widespread critical acclaim for his direction of Before Night Falls (2000), a film about Cuban poet Reinaldo Arenas.
schnauzer Vshnaut-ssr, 'shnau-zarX Any of three German dog breeds having a wiry black, salt-and-pepper, or black-and-tan coat. The standard, 17-20 in. (43-51 cm) high and weighing 26-37 lbs (12-17 kg), dates to the 15th century; it has a blunt, heavily whiskered muzzle and a squared body. The miniature, 12-14 in. (30-36 cm) high and weighing 13-15 lbs (6-7 kg), was developed in the 19th century from standard schnauzers and affenpinschers. The giant schnauzer, a cross between the standard and various working dogs, stands 21-26 in. (53-66 cm) and weighs 66-77 lbs (30-35 kg).
Schnittke X'shnit-koX, Alfred (Garriyevich) (b. Nov. 24, 1934, Engels, Volga German Autonomous S.S.R.—d. Aug. 3, 1998, Hamburg, Ger.) Russian composer. He began musical training in Vienna and con¬ tinued in Moscow, then taught at the Moscow Conservatory (1962-72). He scored more than 60 films and was one of the first Soviet composers to experiment with seriausm. After the death of Dmitry Shostakovich, Schnittke became the Soviet Union’s leading composer and gained a major international reputation as he evolved a highly eclectic style (“poly¬ stylistics”). He suffered the first of several serious strokes in 1985 but continued to compose. He wrote nine symphonies, six concerti grossi, many concertos, four string quartets, and the operas Life with an Idiot (1992), Gesualdo (1995), and Historia von D. Johann Fausten (1995).
Schnitzler X'shnits-brX, Arthur (b. May 15, 1862, Vienna, Austria—d. Oct. 21, 1931, Vienna) Austrian playwright and novelist. Schnitzler prac¬ ticed medicine in Vienna most of his life, and he also studied psychiatry. He became known for his psychological dramas and for his fearlessness in depicting the erotic lives of his characters, beginning with the early play Anatol (1893). His best-known play, Reigen ( Merry-Go-Round , 1897), was a cycle of 10 dramatic dialogues that traced the links con¬ necting the partners in a series of sexual encounters; considered scandal¬ ous when first performed in 1920, it was filmed as La Ronde by Max OphQls in 1950. His drama Playing with Love (1896) and his most suc¬ cessful novel. None but the Brave (1901), revealed the hollowness of the Austrian military code of honour.