Robert and Clara Schumann, litho¬ graph by J. Hofelich
THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Schuyler ► Schweitzer I 1703
Saxony in Dresden “borrowed” Schiitz for a “few months” in 1614, then refused to let him return. As kapellmeister in Dresden from 1619, he pub¬ lished his first collection of sacred music, Psalms of David (1619). In 1628 he traveled to Italy, where Claudio Monteverdi acquainted him with new musical developments, and he adopted aspects of the Italian style in his great Symphoniae sacrae (1629) for chorus and instruments; he later pub¬ lished a second and third collection of Symphoniae sacrae (1647, 1650). He spent much time in Denmark and elsewhere over the next 15 years. Economic conditions deteriorated, and in the early 1650s he was no longer even being paid; he was released by the elector’s death in 1656.
Schuyler \'skl-br\, Philip John (b. Nov. 11, 1733, Albany, N.Y.—d. Nov. 18, 1804, Albany, N.Y., U.S.) American Revolutionary officer. He served in the French and Indian War and helped settle colonial war claims with Britain (1761-63). He served in the New York legislature (1768-75) and in the Continental Congress (1775-77, 1778-80). In the American Revolution he was commissioned one of four major generals in the Con¬ tinental Army. As commander of the northern department, he was unable, because of illness, to undertake his planned invasion of Canada. His later defeat at the Battle of Ticonderoga led to his replacement by Horatio Gates. He subsequently served as one of New York’s first U.S. senators
(1789-91, 1797-98).
Schwab, Charles M(ichael) (b. Feb. 18, 1862, Williamsburg, Pa., U.S.—d. Sept. 18, 1939, New York, N.Y.) U.S. entrepreneur and steel- industry pioneer. He joined Andrew Carnegie’s steelworks at Braddock, Pa., as a labourer and rose swiftly in the Carnegie empire. In 1892 Car¬ negie delegated to Schwab the task of returning the plant in Homestead, Pa., to normal production after the bloody Homestead Strike. His success in improving labour relations and increasing production led to his appoint¬ ment as president of Carnegie Steel Co. in 1897 at the age of 35. Schwab proposed the merger of the competing steel companies that would create the U.S. Steel Corp., and he became its first president in 1901. He resigned in 1903 to devote himself to the Bethlehem Steel Corp., which he built into one of the nation’s largest steel producers of its time.
Schwann \'shvan\, Theodor (b. Dec. 7, 1810, Neuss, Prussia—d. Jan. 11, 1882, Cologne, Ger.) German physiologist. He founded modern his¬ tology by recognizing the cell as the basic unit of animal structure. A year after Mathias Jacob Schleiden, a colleague Schwann knew well, advanced the cell theory for plants, Schwann extended it to animals. While inves¬ tigating digestive processes, he isolated a substance responsible for diges¬ tion in the stomach, the first enzyme prepared from animal tissue, and named it pepsin. He studied muscle contraction and nerve structure, dis¬ covering the striated muscle in the upper esophagus and the myelin sheath covering nerve cells. He coined the term metabolism, identified the role played by microorganisms in the decomposition of organic matter, and formulated the basic principles of embryology by observing that the egg is a single cell that eventually develops into a complete organism.
Schwartz, Arthur See Howard Dietz
Schwartz Vshworts\, Delmore (b. Dec. 8, 1913, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.—d. July 11, 1966, New York, N.Y.) U.S. poet, short-story writer, and critic. He taught at Harvard and other schools and was an editor of Partisan Review (1943-55). His works include In Dreams Begin Respon¬ sibilities (1939), consisting of a short story and poetry; Shenandoah (1941), a verse play; and The World Is a Wedding (1948) and Successful Love (1961), collections of short stories dealing primarily with middle- class Jewish family life. His work is noted for its lyrical descriptions of cultural alienation and the search for identity. Brilliant but unstable, he became alcoholic and declined into insanity.
Schwarzenberg \'shvart-s9n-,berk\, Felix, prince zu (b. Oct. 2, 1800, Krummau, Bohemia, Austrian Habsburg domain—d. April 5, 1852, Vienna, Austria) Austrian statesman who restored the Habsburg empire as a European power. Entering the diplomatic service, he became a protege of Prince Klemens von Metternich and served in several Austrian embas¬ sies. In the Revolutions of 1848, he helped Joseph Radetzky defeat rebel forces in Italy. As prime minister and foreign minister of Austria (1848— 52), he secured the replacement of Emperor Ferdinand by Francis Joseph. He reestablished order in Austria with a new constitution that transformed the Habsburg empire into a unitary, centralized state. He also imposed the Punctation of Olmutz on Prussia.
Schwarzenegger Vsw6rts-3-,neg-9r\, Arnold (b. July 30, 1947, Graz, Austria) Austrian-born U.S. film actor and politician. A bodybuilder
in Austria, he moved to the U.S. in 1968 and won the title of Mr. Uni¬ verse five times and Mr. Olympia seven times before retiring undefeated in 1980. After appearing in the documentary Pumping Iron (1977), he starred in Conan the Barbarian (1982) and its sequel Conan the Destroyer (1984). Noted for his extraordinary physique and heavy accent, he became an international star with The Terminator (1984) and its sequels (1991, 2003). His other films include Kindergarten Cop (1990), Total Recall (1990), True Lies (1994), and The 6th Day (2000). In 2003 Schwarzeneg¬ ger was elected governor of California in a recall election.
Schwarzkopf Vshworts-.koA, Dame (Olga Maria) Elisabeth (Fredericke) (b. Dec. 9, 1915, Jarotschin, near Posen, Ger.) German- born British soprano. After studies at the Berlin High School for Music, she debuted in 1938 as a flower maiden in the opera Parsifal. A 1942 recital in Berlin caused Karl Bohm to invite her to the Vienna State Opera. She made her Covent Garden debut in 1947 with that company and remained there for five years. Her voice bloomed, and she began her long associations with the Salzburg Festival (1949-64) and La Scala (1949- 63). Her annual lieder recitals were legendary. Her opera farewell (1972) was in her famous role as the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier, and she retired in 1975.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman (b. Aug. 22, 1934, Trenton, N.J., U.S.) U.S. army commander. The son of a brigadier general, he graduated from West Point and fought in the Vietnam War (1965-66, 1969-70). After various other assignments, he was promoted to major general (1983) and commanded forces in the invasion of Grenada. In 1988 he became a four- star general and commander of the U.S. Central Command, which included operations in the Middle East. Following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, he directed the buildup of 700,000 U.S. and allied troops in Saudi Arabia and commanded the successful Desert Storm operations in the Persian Gulf War (1991), after which he retired from active service.
Schwarzschild Vshwort-.shihA, Karl (b. Oct. 9, 1873, Frankfurt am Main, Ger.—d. May 11, 1916, Potsdam) German astronomer. He pub¬ lished his first paper (on celestial orbits) at age 16. In 1901 he became professor and director of the observatory at the University of Gottingen. He gave the first exact solution of Albert Einstein’s general equations of gravitation, which led to a description of how mass curves space. He also laid the foundation of the theory of black holes, using the gravitational equations to show that a body of sufficient mass would have an escape velocity greater than the speed of light and therefore would not be directly observable, since even light rays from it could not escape into space. See also Schwarzschild radius.
Schwarzschild radius or gravitational radius Radius inside which the gravitational attraction between a body’s particles must cause its irreversible gravitational collapse, named for Karl Schwarzschild. This is thought to be the final fate of the most massive stars (see black hole). The gravitational radius ( R g ) of an object of mass M is given by R = 2 GM/c 2 , where G is the universal gravitational constant and c the speed of light. For a star like the Sun, the Schwarzschild radius would be about 1.8 mi (3 km).