Bartlett, Sir Frederic C(harles) (b. Oct. 20, 1886, Stow-on-the- Wold, Gloucestershire, Eng.—d. Sept. 30, 1969, Cambridge, Cam¬ bridgeshire) British psychologist best known for his studies of memory. The first professor of experimental psychology at the Uni¬ versity of Cambridge (1931-52), he also directed the university’s psy¬ chological laboratory. His major work, Remembering (1932), described memories not as direct recollections but rather as mental reconstructions coloured by cultural attitudes and personal habits.
Bartlett, John (b. June 14, 1820,
Plymouth, Mass., U.S.—d. Dec. 3,
1905, Cambridge, Mass.) U.S. book¬ seller and editor. Bartlett was an
employee and then owner of the Har- j Q ^ n B ar f| ett
vard University Bookstore. In 1855 courtesy of little, brown and co.
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
172 I Bartok ► base
he published the work for which he is best known, Familiar Quotations, based largely on a notebook he kept for his customers. It was greatly expanded in later editions; the 17th edition appeared in 2002. He also wrote a complete concordance to Shakespeare’s dramatic works and poems (1894), outstanding for the number and fullness of its citations.
Bartok Vbar-t6k\, Bela (b. March 25, 1881, Nagyszentmiklos, Hung., Austria-Hungary—d. Sept. 26, 1945, New York, N.Y., U.S.) Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist. He developed a superb piano technique at an early age. In 1904 he set about researching Hungarian folk music, having discovered that the folk-music repertory generally accepted as Hungarian was in fact largely urban Roma (Gypsy) music (see Rom). His fieldwork with the composer Zoltan KodAly formed the basis for all later research in the field, and he published major studies of Hungarian, Romanian, and Slovakian folk music. He worked folk themes and rhythms into his own music, achieving a style that was at once nation¬ alistic and deeply personal. He also toured widely as a virtuoso pianist. In 1940 he immigrated to the U.S., where he was inadequately recognized. His works include the opera Bluebeard’s Castle (1911), six celebrated string quartets (1908-39), the didactic piano set Mikrokosmos (1926-39), Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion (1937), Concerto for Orchestra (1943), and three piano concertos (1926, 1931, 1945).
Bartolome de Cardenas See Bartolome Bermejo
Bartolomeo V.bar-to-lo-'ma-oV, Fra orig. Baccio della Porta (b.
March 28, 1472, Florence—d. Oct. 31, 1517, Florence) Italian painter active in Florence. His early works, such as the Annunciation (1497) in Volterra Cathedral, were influenced by Perugino and Leonardo da Vinci. In 1500 he joined the Dominican order. He painted religious subjects, pri¬ marily the Madonna and Child in various settings, with monumental fig¬ ures grouped in balanced compositions. He became a prominent exponent of the High Renaissance style and was the leading painter in Florence, rivaled only by Andrea del Sarto.
Barton, Clara orig. Clarissa Harlowe (b. Dec. 25, 1821, Oxford, Mass., U.S.—d. April 12, 1912, Glen Echo, Md.) U.S. nurse, founder of the American Red Cross. She attended the Liberal Institute at Clinton, N.Y. (1850-51). In 1852 she established a free school in Bordentown, N.J., that soon became so large that the townsmen would no longer allow a woman to run it. After resigning her post, she was employed by the U.S. Patent Office in Washington, D.C. (1854-57, 1860). During the Ameri¬ can Civil War she organized the distribution of medicine and supplies for soldiers wounded in the first Battle of Bull Run. She gained permission to pass through battle lines to distribute supplies, search for the missing, and nurse the wounded, becoming known as the “angel of the battlefield.” In 1865, at the request of Pres. Abraham Lincoln, she set up a bureau of records to aid in the search for missing men. While in Europe for a rest, she helped with relief work for victims of the Franco-Prussian War (1870- 71) and became associated with the International Red Cross. In 1881 she founded the American Red Cross. She lobbied Congress to sign the Geneva Convention (see Geneva Conventions), which provided for the treatment of the sick and wounded in battle and the proper handling of prisoners of war. She wrote the U.S. amendment to the constitution of the Red Cross, which provides for the distribution of relief not only in war but also during natural disasters. She served as president of the Ameri¬ can Red Cross until 1904.
Barton, Sir Derek H(arold) R(ichard) (b. Sept. 8, 1918, Grave¬ send, Kent, Eng.—d. March 16, 1998, College Station, Texas, U.S.) Brit¬ ish chemist. Unsatisfied in his father’s carpentry business, he entered London’s Imperial College and received his doctorate in 1942. His stud¬ ies revealed that organic molecules have a preferred three-dimensional form from which their chemical properties can be inferred. This research earned him the 1969 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, shared with Odd Hassel of Norway.
Bartram Vbar-troirA, John (b. March 23, 1699, Marple, Pa., U.S.—d. Sept. 22, 1777, Kingsessing, Pa.) naturalist and explorer, considered the “father of American botany.” Largely self-educated, he was a friend of Benjamin Franklin and the botanist for the American colonies to George III. He was the first North American experimenter to hybridize flowering plants, and he established near Philadelphia a botanical garden that became internationally famous. He explored the Alleghenies and the Carolinas and in 1743 was commissioned by the British crown to explore the wilderness north to Lake Ontario in Canada. In 1765-66 he explored extensively in Florida with his son William Bartram.
Bartram, William (b. April 9, 1739, Kingsessing, Pa., U.S.—d. July 22, 1823, Kingsessing) U.S. naturalist, botanist, and artist, the son of John Bartram, he described the abundant river swamps of the southeastern U.S. in their primeval condition in his Travels through North and South Caro¬ lina, Georgia, East and West Florida (1791). The book was influential among the English and French Romantics (see Romanticism). Bartram was also noted for his renderings of plants and animals.
Baruch \b3-'riik\, Bernard (Mannes) (b. Aug. 19, 1870, Camden, S.C., U.S.—d. June 20, 1965, New York, N.Y.) U.S. financier and adviser to presidents. After graduating from the College of the City of New York in 1889, he went to work in Wall Street brokerage houses, where he amassed a fortune as a speculator. During World War I he was appointed chairman of the War Industries Board by Pres. Woodrow Wilson. In 1919 he was a member of the Supreme Economic Council at the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles and one of Wilson’s advisers on the terms of peace. During World War II he served as an unofficial adviser on eco¬ nomic mobilization to Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Later he was instru¬ mental in setting UN policy on the international control of atomic energy.
Barye \ba-'re\, Antoine-Lou is (b. Sept. 24, 1796, Paris, Fr.—d. June 29, 1875, Paris) French sculptor. The son of a goldsmith, he was appren¬ ticed at 13 to an engraver. He studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts (1818— 23) and began to sculpt animal forms c. 1819. Influenced by Theodore Gericault, he had a unique talent for rendering dynamic tension and exact anatomical detail. His most famous works depict wild animals devouring their prey; he also rendered groups of domestic animals. His notable bronzes include Lion Devouring a Gavial Crocodile (1831) and an eques¬ trian statue of Napoleon at Ajaccio, Corsica (1860-65).
baryon \'bar-e-,an\ Any member of one of two classes of hadrons. Baryons are heavy subatomic particles made up of three quarks. They are characterized by a baryon number, B, of 1, and have half-integer spin val¬ ues. Their antiparticles (see antimatter), called antibaryons, have a baryon number of -1. Both protons and neutrons are baryons.