Stone, Edward Durell (b. March 9,1902, Fayetteville, Ark., U.S.—d. Aug. 6, 1978, New York, N.Y.) U.S. architect. He earned architecture degrees and traveled in Europe before joining the New York City firm that designed Radio City Music Hall. In 1936 he organized his own archi¬ tectural firm. A leading exponent of the International Style, he designed El Panama Hotel in Panama City (1946), the U.S. embassy in New Delhi (1954), the U.S. pavilion at the Brussels World’s Fair (1958), the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. (1964), and the Amoco Building in Chicago (1969). He also taught at New York University (1927^-2) and Yale University (1946-52).
Stone, Harlan Fiske (b. Oct. 11, 1872, Chesterfield, N.H., U.S.—d. April 22, 1946, Washington, D.C.)
U.S. jurist. He studied at Columbia Law School and later practiced law while serving as dean (1910-23).
Pres. Calvin Coolidge appointed him U.S. attorney general in 1924; during his tenure he reorganized the Federal Bureau of Investigation after its repu¬ tation had been tarnished by the Tea¬ pot Dome and other scandals. In 1925 Coolidge appointed him to the Supreme Court of the United States, and in 1941 Pres. Franklin D.
Roosevelt promoted him to chief jus¬ tice, a position he retained until his death. He wrote more than 600 opin¬ ions, many on important constitu¬ tional questions. He was often less successful, however, in building a consensus among his associate jus¬ tices, with the result that the court during his chief justiceship was often a bitterly divided body.
Stone, l(sidor) F(einstein) orig. Isidor Feinstein (b. Dec. 24, 1907, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.—-d. June 18, 1989, Boston, Mass.) U.S. journalist. He worked on newspapers in his native Philadelphia and in New York and wrote for the leftist newspaper PM before starting his own investigative newsletter. From the outset I. F. Stone’s Weekly (1953-67; I. F. Stone’s Bi-Weekly, 1967-71) had an influence far greater than the
size of its readership, which included some of the nation’s most promi¬ nent politicians, academicians, and journalists. The sole author, Stone created a unique blend of wit, erudition, and pointed political commen¬ tary, and he became known for his espousal of unpopular causes long before they were taken up by the liberal establishment.
Stone, Lucy (b. Aug. 13, 1818, West Brookfield, Mass., U.S.—d. Oct. 18, 1893, Dorchester, Mass.) U.S. pioneer in the woman suffrage move¬ ment. A graduate of Oberlin College (1847), she became a lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. She soon began speaking for wom¬ en’s rights and helped organize women’s-rights conventions in the 1850s. She retained her own name after her marriage to Henry Blackwell (1825— 1909) as a protest against the unequal laws applicable to married women; other women who later chose to do the same called themselves “Lucy Stoners.” In 1869 she and Blackwell helped establish the American Woman Suffrage Association and founded the influential suffrage maga¬ zine Woman’s Journal, which they edited until their deaths. They were assisted by their daughter Alice Stone Blackwell (1857-1950), who served as chief editor (1893-1917).
Stone, Oliver (b. Sept. 15, 1946, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. film director. He attended Yale University and served in Vietnam before study¬ ing filmmaking at New York University. He made his directorial debut with Seizure (1974) and wrote screenplays for several films marked by their rapid pace and violence, including Midnight Express (1978). He wrote and directed Platoon (1986, Academy Award), drawing on his Viet¬ nam experience; it was followed by movies such as Wall Street (1987), Bom on the Fourth of July (1989, Academy Award), JFK (1991), Natu¬ ral Born Killers (1994), and Nixon (1995), some of them noted for their anti-establishment and often controversial interpretations of history.
Stone, Robert (Anthony) (b. Aug. 21, 1937, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. novelist. He served in the U.S. Navy before attending New York and Stanford universities. Dog Soldiers (1974, National Book Award), his second novel, brought home the corruption of the Vietnam War. His later works include the novels A Flag for Sunrise (1981), Outerbridge Reach (1992), and Damascus Gate (1998) and the short-story collection Bear and His Daughter (1997).
Stone Age First known period of prehistoric human culture, character¬ ized by the use of stone tools. The term is little used by specialists today. See Paleolithic Period; Mesolithic Period; Neouthic Period; stone-tool indus¬ try. See also Bronze Age; Iron Age.
Stone of Scone See Stone of Scone
stone tool industry Any of several assemblages of artifacts that dis¬ play the earliest technology used by humans. These stone tools have sur¬ vived in great quantities and now serve as the major means of determining hominin activities. Archaeologists have classified distinct stone tool indus¬ tries on the basis of style and use and named them after the site of their original identification. The major industries include (in chronological order) the Oldowan, Acheulean, Mousterian, Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian industries.
stonefish See rockfish
stonefly Any of some 1,550 insect species (order Plecoptera) with adults, about 0.25-2.5 in. (6-60 mm) long, that are generally gray, black, or brown. They have long antennae; weak, chewing mouthparts; and two pairs of membranous wings that, at rest, fold like a fan. The hind wings are generally broader but shorter than the forewings. Despite their well-developed wings, stoneflies are poor fliers. The female drops a mass of up to 6,000 eggs into a stream. Stonefly (Plecoptera)
Nymphs resemble adults but are WILUAM E - ferguson _
wingless and may have external
gills; they feed on plants, decaying organic matter, and insects. The nymphal stage lasts one to four years; adults live several weeks.
Stonehenge Monumental circular arrangement of standing stones built in prehistoric times and located near Salisbury, Wiltshire, Eng. The stones are believed to have been put in place in three main phases c. 3100-c. 1550 bc. The reasons for the building of Stonehenge are unknown, but it
Harlan Fiske Stone, 1929.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D.C.
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Stonewall riots ► Stout I 1827
is believed to have been a place of worship and ritual. Many theories have been advanced as to its specific purpose (e.g., for the prediction of eclipses), but none has been proved. Stones erected during the second phase of con¬ struction (c. 2100 bc) were aligned with the sunrise at the summer sol¬ stice, suggesting some ritual connection with that event.
Stonewall riots (June 28, 1969) Series of violent confrontations between police and gay rights activists in New York City. In response to the second raid in a week by police on the Stonewall Inn, a popular gay bar in Greenwich Village that had been selling liquor without a license, about 1,000 transvestites, gays, and lesbians taunted police and threw debris; police responded with violence. Similar riots occurred on suc¬ ceeding nights and were followed by protest rallies. The event marked the awakening of gay rights organizations throughout the U.S.; it is com¬ memorated annually in Gay and Lesbian Pride Week. In 1999 the U.S. National Park Service placed the Stonewall Inn on the National Register of Historic Places. See also gay rights movement.
stoneware Pottery fired at a high temperature (about 2,200 °F, or 1,200 °C) until vitrified (made glasslike and impervious to liquid). Because stoneware is nonporous, glaze is applied only for decoration. Stone¬ ware originated in China c. 1400 bc and was exported to Europe in the 17 th century. This red to dark-brown stoneware was copied in Germany,