Struve Vstrii-vsV Pyotr (Berngardovich) (b. Feb. 7, 1870, Perm, Russia—d. Feb. 26, 1944, Paris, France) Russian economist and journal¬ ist. In 1894 he wrote a well-regarded Marxist analysis of Russian capi¬ talism and in 1898 a manifesto for the newly formed Russian Social- Democratic Workers' Party. After his arrest and exile in 1901, he broke with revolutionary Marxism; from 1902 to 1905 he edited the illegal but widely read journal Osvobozhdeniy (“Liberation”), in which he called for a constitutional monarchy. He returned to Russia in 1905, joined the Con¬ stitutional Democratic Party, and edited the moderate journal Russkaya my sly (“Russian Thought”). In 1917 he opposed the Bolshevik takeover and left Russia for Paris and (after 1928) Belgrade.
strychnine Vstrik-.nlnX Organic compound, a poisonous alkaloid obtained from seeds of the nux vomica tree of India and related plants of the genus Strychnos. It does not dissolve in water nor well in alcohol, and it has an intense bitter taste. It has been used in rodent poisons. Within 20 minutes after ingestion, it causes painful muscle contractions and con¬ vulsions, pulling the head back and arching the back; death usually results from respiratory muscle spasms. It is used in small doses by veterinarians as a stimulant.
Stuart, Charles Edward See Charles Edward, the Young Pretender
Stuart, Gilbert (Charles) (b. Dec. 3, 1755, North Kingston, R.I., U.S.—d. July 9, 1828, Boston,
Mass.) U.S. painter. He went to Lon¬ don in 1775 and worked six years with Benjamin West. He opened his own London studio in 1782 and enjoyed great success but fled to Dublin in 1787 to escape his credi¬ tors. After six years there, he returned to the U.S. He developed a distinctively American portrait style and quickly established himself as the nation’s leading portraitist. Crit¬ ics have praised his painterly brush- work, luminous colour, and psychological penetration. Of his nearly 1,000 portraits, the most famous is an unfinished head of George Washington (1796).
Stuart, house of or house of Stewart or Steuart Royal house of Scotland (1371-1714) and of England (1603—49, 1660-1714). The earliest members of the family were stewards in 11th-century Brittany; in the 12th century a member entered the service of David I (r. 1124-53) in Scotland and received the title of steward. The 6th steward married the daughter of King Robert I the Bruce, and in 1371 their son became King Robert II, the first Stewart king of Scotland (r. 1371-90). His descendants in the 15th—17th centuries included the Scottish monarchs James I, James II, James III, James IV, Mary, Queen of Scots, and James VI (who inherited the English throne as James I). The Stuarts (who eventually adopted the French-influenced spelling of their name) were excluded from the English throne after Charles I until the restoration of Charles II in 1660. He was followed by James II, William III and Mary II, and Anne. The Stuart royal line ended in 1714, and the British crown passed to the house of Hanover, despite later claims by James II’s son James Edward (the Old Pretender) and grandson Charles Edward (the Young Pretender).
Stuart, James Edward See James Edward, the Old Pretender
Stuart, Jeb orig. James Ewell Brown Stuart (b. Feb. 6, 1833, Patrick county, Va., U.S.—d. May 12, 1864, Yellow Tavern, near Rich¬ mond, Va.) U.S. army officer. He graduated from West Point and was an aide to Col. Robert E. Lee in the defeat of John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry. In 1861 he joined the Confederate army, becoming brigadier general of a cavalry brigade. On scouting raids he obtained information on Union troop movements that contributed to Confederate victories at the Seven Days’ Battle and the Second Battle of Bull Run; Lee called Stuart the “eyes of the army.” As major general, he helped win the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Before the Battle of Gettysburg, he was instructed by Lee to gather information on Union troop movements; he was delayed on a raid and arrived after the battle had begun. Though criticized for his action, he continued to provide intelligence to Confederate forces. He was mortally wounded in the Confederate defeat at Spotsylvania Courthouse.
Stuart style Style of visual arts produced in Britain during the reign of the house of Stuart (1603-1714, excepting the interregnum of Oliver Cromwell). Though the period encompassed several specific stylistic movements, artists through much of the period looked for inspiration to contemporary movements (primarily the Baroque) on the Continent, espe¬ cially in Italy, Flanders, and France. Masters of the Stuart style included the architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren. See also Jacobean age; Queen Anne style.
Stubbs, George (b. Aug. 24, 1724, Liverpool, Eng.—d. July 10, 1806, London) British animal painter and anatomical draftsman. Son of a pros¬ perous tanner, he was briefly apprenticed to a painter but was basically self-taught. His masterly depictions of hunters and racehorses brought him innumerable commissions. Perhaps more impressive than the single por¬ traits are his pictures of informal groups of horses, such as Mares and Foals in a Landscape (c. 1760-70). He also painted many other animals, including lions, tigers, giraffes, monkeys, and rhinoceroses, which he was able to observe in private menageries. His book The Anatomy of the Horse (1762), containing 18 masterfully engraved plates, was widely acclaimed.
Mrs. Richard Yates , oil painting by Gil¬ bert Stuart, 1793-94; in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
COURTESY OF THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART, WASHINGTON, D.C., ANDREW MELLON COLLECTION
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
stucco ► Stuyvesant I 1835
stucco Exterior or interior plasterwork used as three-dimensional orna¬ mentation, as a smooth paintable surface, or as a wet ground for fresco painting. Today the term is most often restricted to the rough plaster coat¬ ing of exterior walls. Examples occur worldwide; stucco was applied to the temple walls of ancient Greece as early as 1400 bc. Roman architects stuccoed the rough stone or brick walls of monuments such as the baths at Hadrian's Villa. Stucco was widely used in Baroque and Renaissance architecture. Because of the many ways in which it can be treated, stuc¬ cowork has remained popular. In the warmer regions of the U.S., the 1920s stucco bungalow became virtually ubiquitous.
Studebaker family U.S. automobile manufacturers whose firm became the world’s largest producer of horse-drawn vehicles and a leader in automobile manufacturing. In 1852 Clement Studebaker (1831-1901) started a blacksmith and wagon shop in South Bend, Ind., with his brother Henry (1826-1895). Later joined by their brothers John, Peter, and Jacob, the family business supplied vehicles to the U.S. government during the American Civil War and later helped outfit settlers moving west. By 1902 the company had built its first electric cars and, by 1904, gasoline- powered cars. In 1954 the Studebaker Corp. merged with the Packard Motor Car Co.; in 1966 it ceased production.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Activist student orga¬ nization in the U.S. Founded at the University of Michigan in 1960, its chapters were initially principally involved in the civil rights movement. Its “Port Huron Statement” of principles (1962) called for a new “participa¬ tory democracy.” After organizing a national march in 1965 to protest U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, it became more militant, organizing stu¬ dent sit-ins to protest universities’ participation in defense-related research. By 1969 the SDS had split into factions; the most notorious was the terrorist-oriented Weathermen, or Weather Underground. By the mid- 1970s the group was defunct.