Sukarno (b. June 6,1901, Surabaja, Java, Dutch East Indies—d. June 21, 1970, Jakarta, Indon.) First president of Indonesia (1949-67). Son of a Jav¬ anese schoolteacher, he excelled in languages, mastering Javanese, Sun- danese, Balinese, and modern Indonesian, which he did much to create. He emerged as a charismatic leader in the country’s independence movement. When the Japanese invaded in 1942, he served them as a chief adviser, while pressuring them to grant Indonesia independence. Immediately fol¬ lowing Japan’s defeat, he declared independence; the Dutch did not trans¬ fer sovereignty until 1949. Once he became president, Indonesia made gains in health, education, and cultural self-awareness, but democracy and the economy foundered. His government was corrupt, inflation soared, and the country experienced a continuous state of crisis. An attempted coup, purportedly by communists, in 1965 led to a military takeover by Suharto and a purge of alleged communists. Stripped of his power in 1966, Sukarno resigned in 1967 and lived under house arrest until his death.
Sukhothai \'su-k3-'tl\ kingdom Former kingdom, north-central Thai¬ land. It was founded in the mid-13th century when a local Tai ruler led a revolt against Khmer rule. It remained only a small local power until its third ruler, Ramkhamhaeng, inherited the kingdom c. 1279. He extended its power to the south onto the Malay Peninsula, to the west into what is now Myanmar (Burma), and to the northeast into modem Laos. On his death in 1298 the kingdom began to lose its power, and in 1438 it was absorbed into the kingdom of Ayutthaya.
Sukhothai style Vsii-ko-'tA Canonical style for Buddha icons devel¬ oped probably in the kingdom of Sukhothai (modern Thailand), begin¬ ning in the 14th century. The Sukhothai Buddhas—typically either seated in the half-lotus posture with right hand performing the earth-touching gesture or walking with one foot forward and the right hand raised to the chest—have a boneless, weightless elegance. The parts of the body fol¬ low abstract ideals based on analogy with natural forms (e.g., shoulders like an elephant’s trunk, torso like a lion). The head typically bears a flamelike protuberance above a cranial bump, which the faithful believe contains an extra brain cavity.
Sukhoy officially OKB imeni P.O. Sukhoy formerly OKB-51 Russian aerospace design bureau that is the country’s second most impor¬ tant producer of jet fighters (after MiG). The origin of Sukhoy dates to
Suharto
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sukiya ► Sulla I 1841
1953, when the Soviet government allowed Pavel Sukhoy to reassemble his World War II aircraft-design team into a new bureau, which was des¬ ignated OKB-51. In the 1950s and ’60s OKB-51 planned and built a series of supersonic jet fighters, including the Su-7 and Su-9, which were later modified and used extensively by the U.S.S.R. and other Warsaw Pact countries. It improved the Su-9 into the Su-11 and Su-15 fighter- interceptors. After Sukhoy’s death (1975) his name was added to that of the bureau. Perhaps the best known Sukhoy design was the versatile Su-27 air- superiority fighter (first flown 1977). In the 1990s the bureau introduced the Su-34 fighter-bomber and the redesigned Su-39 ground-attack aircraft. Its fifth-generation multirole S-37 Berkut air-superiority fighter (1997), had state-of-the-art electronics, forward-swept wings, and thrust vector con¬ trol. In 1997 Russia formed the partially state-owned AVPK Sukhoy by combining the design bureau with its production plant and other affiliates. At the start of the 21st century Sukhoy began diversifying into the civilian market with sports aircraft, freight vehicles, and passenger aircraft.
sukiya \su-'ke-3\ style Japanese architectural style developed in the Azuchi-Momoyama (1574-1600) and Tokugawa (1603-1867) periods, originally used for teahouses and later also for private residences and res¬ taurants. Based on an aesthetic of naturalness and rustic simplicity, build¬ ings in this style are intended to harmonize with their surroundings. Timber construction is employed, with wood left in a natural state, some¬ times with the bark still attached. Walls are typically made of clay. Great attention is paid to detail and proportions, and the effect is one of refined simplicity. The architect Yoshida Isoya (1894-1974) pioneered a modern sukiya style using contemporary materials.
Sulaiman Range Vsii-lI-.manX Mountain range, central Pakistan, west of the Indus River. It extends about 280 mi (450 km), with summits aver¬ aging 6,000-7,000 ft (1,800-2,100 m) tall. The highest peaks, at the north¬ ern end, are the twin peaks called Solomon’s Throne. The higher of the two, at 18,481 ft (5,633 m), is the site of a popular shrine.
Sulawesi See Celebes
Suleyman \sm-la-'man\ I or Suleyman the Magnificent (b.
November 14947/April 1495?—d. Sept. 5/6, 1566, near Szigetvar, Hung.) Ottoman sultan (r. 1520-66). He became sultan of the Ottoman Empire after serving as a provincial governor under his grandfather Bayezid II and his father, Selim I (r. 1512-20). He immediately began leading campaigns against the Christians, taking Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522). At the Battle of Mohacs (1526) he broke the military strength of Hungary. In 1529 he laid siege to Vienna but failed to capture it. Further campaigns in Hungary (1541, 1543) left the region divided between Habsburg- and Ottoman-dominated areas. Iraq and eastern Anatolia were captured dur¬ ing his first campaign (1534-35) against the Persian Safavid dynasty; his second (1548-49) brought conquests in southern Anatolia around Lake Van; but his third (1554-55) was unsuccessful. His navy, under Bar- barossa, controlled the Mediterranean Sea. He built mosques, bridges, and aqueducts and surrounded himself with great poets and legal scholars. His reign is considered a high point of Ottoman civilization.
sulfa drug Common term for sulfonamide drug, any member of a class of synthetic antibacterial drugs with a particular chemical structure includ¬ ing both sulfur and nitrogen atoms. Their effectiveness against bacteria was discovered in 1932 by Gerhard Domagk, and they became the first chemical substances systematically used against human bacterial infec¬ tions. Sulfa drugs inhibit the growth and multiplication of certain bacteria (but do not kill them) by interfering with the synthesis of fouc acid. Because of their toxicity and growing bacterial resistance, sulfa drugs are no longer in common use (except for urinary-tract infections, certain forms of malaria, and preventing infection of burns), having been largely superseded by less toxic antibiotics.
sulfate Any of numerous inorganic and organic chemical compounds related to sulfuric acid (H 2 S0 4 ). One subgroup comprises salts containing the sulfate ion (S0 4 2- ) linked via ionic bonds with any of various cations. Another subgroup of sulfates, the esters, are organic compounds in which sulfuric acid’s hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl, phenyl); a carbon atom in the organic group bonds to an oxygen atom, whose second bond is to the sulfur atom. (In sulfonates, a carbon atom bonds directly to the sulfur atom.) See also bonding.
sulfide mineral or sulphide mineral Any member of a group of compounds of sulfur with one or more metals. The metals that occur most commonly are iron, copper, nickel, lead, cobalt, silver, and zinc. They are
the ore minerals of most metals used by industry (e.g., antimony, bismuth, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc). Other industrially important metals such as cadmium and selenium occur in trace amounts in numerous common sulfides and are recovered in refining processes.