Surrey, Henry Howard, earl of (b. 1517, Hunsdon, Hertfordshire, Eng.?—d. Jan. 13, 1547, London) English poet. Because of his aristo¬ cratic birth and connections, Surrey was involved in the jockeying for place that accompanied Henry VIII’s policies. After returning to England in 1546 from a campaign abroad, he was accused of treason by his rivals. After his sister admitted he was still a Roman Catholic, he was executed at age 30. Most of his poetry was published 10 years later. With Thomas Wyat, he introduced into England the styles and metres of the Italian humanist poets, laying the foundation of a great age in English poetry. He translated two books of Virgil’s Aeneid, marking the first use in English of blank verse and was the first to develop the sonnet form used by Wil¬ liam Shakespeare.
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surrogate motherhood ► Sutherland I 1849
surrogate motherhood Practice in which a woman (the surrogate mother) bears a child for a couple unable to produce children, usually because the wife is infertile or unable to carry a pregnancy to term. The surrogate is impregnated either through artificial insemination (usually with the sperm of the husband) or through the implantation of an embryo pro¬ duced by in vitro fertilization. The surrogate traditionally gives up all parental rights, though this has been subject to legal challenge.
Surtees, Robert Smith (b. May 17, 1803, The Riding, Northumber¬ land, Eng.—d. March 16, 1864, Brighton, Sussex) English novelist. Pas¬ sionately addicted to riding to hounds from his youth, Surtees devoted nearly all his writings to horses and riding. In 1831 he launched New Sporting Magazine. His famous comic character Mr. Jorrocks, a blunt Cockney grocer entirely given over to fox hunting, appeared in Jorrocks’s Jaunts and Jollities (1838), Handley Cross (1843), and Hillingdon Hall (1845). Among his other novels, which also portray the boredom, ill man¬ ners, discomfort, and coarse food of English provincial life, are Hawbuck Grange (1847) and Mr. Facey Romford’s Hounds (1865).
Surtsey \'s9rt-se\ Volcanic island off southern Iceland. It emerged from the ocean in a fiery eruption in November 1963. Over four years its vol¬ canic core built up an island 1 sq mi (2.5 sq km) in area, with elevations over 560 ft (170 m). Named for the fire god of Icelandic mythology, it is now a nature reserve and the site of a joint Icelandic-U.S. biological research program.
surveying Method of making relatively large-scale, accurate measure¬ ments of the earth’s surfaces. Its principal modern uses are in the fields of transportation, building, land use, and communications. Surveying is divided into the categories of plane surveying (mapping small areas) and geodetic surveying (mapping large areas of the globe). The Romans are said to have used the plane table, which consists of a drawing board mounted on a tripod or other support and a straightedge along which lines are drawn. It was the first device capable of recording or establishing angles. With the publication of logarithmic tables in 1620, portable angle¬ measuring instruments, called topographic instruments, or theodolites, came into use; they included pivoted arms for sighting and could be used for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles. Two revolutionary 20th-century innovations were photogrammetry (mapping from aerial photographs) and electronic distance measurement, including the use of the laser.
Surveyor Any of a series of seven unmanned U.S. space probes sent to make soft landings on the Moon in 1966-68. Surveyor 2 crashed on the Moon, and radio contact with Surveyor 4 was lost minutes before landing, but the rest sent back thousands of photographs; some were equipped to sample and test lunar soil. Surveyor 6 made the first liftoff from an extraterrestrial body; Sur¬ veyor 7 landed in the lunar highlands and returned data showing that the landscape and soil there differ from those of lower areas. See also Luna;
Pioneer; Ranger.
Surya In Hinduism, the sun and the sun god. Though once ranking with the major Hindu deities, he is now primarily worshiped only as one of the five important deities of the Smarta sect and as the supreme deity by the small Savra sect. Neverthe¬ less, he is still invoked by all ortho¬ dox Hindus in daily prayer, and his temples are found throughout India.
He is the father of Manu, Yama, and several other gods. The Puranas record that the weapons of the gods were forged from pieces trimmed from Surya.
Suryavarman V.sur-yo-'var-monV II (d. c. 1150) Khmer (Cambodian)
king under whom Angkor Wat was SuryQ| stone image from Deo . built. Suryavarman established sole Barunarak, Bihar, India, 9th century ad. rule over Cambodia in c. 1113, pramodchandra reuniting the country after 50 years
of unrest. He expanded his country to include much of what is now Thai¬ land, portions of Vietnam, and part of the Malay Peninsula. He promul¬ gated Vaishnavism (a form of Hinduism), rather than the Buddhism of his predecessors, as the official religion. Construction of Angkor Wat, the world’s largest religious structure, began under Suryavarman, and he fig¬ ures prominently in its decorations. He died during a campaign against the kingdom of Champa; the Chams eventually ravaged Angkor.
Susanna Figure in an apocryphal book of the Bible. The History of Susanna, set in Babylon during the Jewish exile, tells of a woman falsely accused of adultery by two elders who had earlier tried to seduce her. She is saved from death by Daniel’s intervention. The tale is one of a cycle of traditions added to the book of Daniel when it was translated into Greek. The scene in which the elders spy on her at her bath was a popular sub¬ ject for Renaissance artists.
Suslov Vsiis-.loA, Mikhail (Andreyevich) (b. Nov. 21, 1902, Sha- khovskoye, Russia—d. Jan. 25, 1982, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.) Soviet ideologue. He joined the Communist Party in 1921 and was sent to Mos¬ cow for his education, after which he taught economics. In the 1930s he helped supervise the Stalinist purges in the Urals and Ukraine. Later a leading official in the Caucasus, he supervised the deportation of ethnic minorities in World War II. He was appointed to the Politburo in 1952, and from 1955 he held a pivotal position in the ruling clique. A political conservative, he helped Nikita Khrushchev quell a conspiracy in the Polit¬ buro in 1957, but he organized the bloodless coup in 1964 that ousted Khrushchev and substituted Leonid Brezhnev. Thereafter, he concentrated on relations between the Soviet Communist Party and other communist parties around the world.
suspension, automobile Elastic members designed to cushion the impact of road irregularities on a portion of an automotive vehicle. The members link the vehicle’s tires with its suspended portion, and usually consist of springs and shock absorbers. Spring elements used for auto¬ mobile suspension members include (in increasing order of ability to store elastic energy per unit of weight) leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, rubber-in-shear devices, and air springs. The springs absorb the energy of impacts of the tires along the road surface, and the shocks damp or dis¬ sipate that energy, using hydraulics, so that the suspended portion of the vehicle does not keep bouncing. See illustration on following page.
Susquehanna N.sos-kwo-'ha-noV River River, central New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, U.S. One of the longest rivers in the east¬ ern U.S., it is about 444 mi (715 km) long. It rises in Otsego Lake, cen¬ tral New York, and winds through the Appalachian Mountains before flowing into northern Chesapeake Bay. Though it was never an important waterway because of obstructions, including rapids, its valley was at one time a significant land route to the Ohio River system and was later a coal¬ mining region.