Susskind Vs3s- 1 klnd\, David (Howard) (b. Dec. 19, 1920, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. Feb. 22, 1987, New York City) U.S. television pro¬ ducer and host. After being educated at the University of Wisconsin and Harvard University, he worked as a publicist before forming the agency Talent Associates in 1952. He produced numerous television programs, including Circle Theater (1955-63) and Dupont Show of the Month (1957-64), but he became best known as host of the talk shows Open End (1958-67) and The David Susskind Show (1967-86), for which he won many Emmy Awards. Open End began at 11:00 pm and ran until the pro¬ gram’s participants grew too tired to continue. Noted for his provocative discussions of controversial issues such as race relations, organized crime, and the Vietnam War, he also interviewed international leaders, notably Nikita Khrushchev (1960).
Sutherland, Graham (Vivian) (b. Aug. 24, 1903, London, Eng.—d. Feb. 17, 1980, London) British painter. After studying art in London, he taught and practiced printmaking (1926-40) at the Chelsea School of Art. His early work was characterized by an exacting repre- sentationalism that evolved into Surrealism. He turned primarily to paint¬ ing c. 1935 and served as official war artist 1940-45; his war paintings are an evocative record of desolation. His “thorn period” began with his Crucifixion (1946), considered to be one of the most important religious paintings of the 20th century. In such late works he incorporated anthro¬ pomorphic insect and plant forms, particularly thorns, which he trans¬ formed into powerful, frightening totemic images. Sutherland was known, too, for his expressionistic, penetrating portraits. He also designed the enormous tapestry (c. 1955-61) for the new Coventry Cathedral.
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1850 I Sutherland ► Suvorov
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Two forms of automobile suspension. A vehicle is suspended over its wheels by springs, usually either coil or leaf springs (top and bottom, respectively). Irregulari¬ ties in the road surface are transmitted mechanically to the springs. The energy in the compressed springs is dissipated by shock absorbers mounted inside or outside coil springs or beside leaf springs.
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Sutherland, Dame Joan (b. Nov. 7, 1926, Sydney, Austl.) Austra¬ lian soprano. After debuting in Sydney in 1947, she moved to London. Having sung minor roles at Co vent Garden from 1952, she established her status as one of the leading coloraturas of the 20th century in a 1959 performance of Lucia di Lammermoor. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut in 1961, and she became a favourite there and worldwide in bel canto roles until her retirement in 1991.
Sutlej River Vs9t-,lej\ River, Asia. The longest of the “Five Rivers” that give Punjab its name, it is 900 mi (1,450 km) long. It rises in southwest¬ ern Tibet and flows west through the Himalayas, across Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, India, then southwest across Punjab province of Pakistan. It forms 65 mi (105 km) of the Indo-Pakistani border. It joins the Chenab River in Pakistan to become the Panjnad, the link between the Five Riv¬ ers and the Indus. Its middle course is used extensively for irrigation.
sutra Ysii-tre\ Pali sutta In Hinduism, a brief aphoristic composition; in Buddhism, a more extended exposition of a subject and the basic form of the scripture of both Theravada and Mahay ana traditions. Since the early Indian philosophers did not work with written texts at all, and later phi¬ losophers often disdained them, there was a need for very brief explana¬ tory works that could be committed to memory. The earliest sutras were expositions of ritual procedures, but their use spread, and eventually nearly all Indian philosophical systems had their own sutras. See also Avatamsaka-sutra, Diamond Sutra, Lotus Sutra, Tripitaka.
Sutta Pitaka Vsut-to-'pi-to-koX Major section of the Tripitaka, the canon of Theravada Buddhism, largely attributed to the Buddha himself. It is divided into five collections, or Nikayas: the Digha Nikaya (“Long Col¬ lection”), containing 34 lengthy sutras, including some of the most impor¬ tant doctrinal expositions; the Majjhima Nikaya (“Medium Collection”), containing 152 sutras dealing with a variety of subjects; the Samyutta Nikaya (“Cluster Collection”), with more than 7,000 sutras arranged according to subject; the Anguttara Nikaya (“Gradual Collection”), a numerical arrangement, for mnemonic purposes, of 9,557 terse sutras; and the Khuddaka Nikaya (“Short Collection”). See also Abhidhamma Pitaka; Vinaya Pitaka.
suttee or sati Yso-.te, ,s9-'te\ Indian practice whereby a widow burns herself to death either on the funeral pyre of her husband or soon after his death. The custom may be rooted in ancient beliefs that a husband needed his companions in the afterlife, though opponents point to it as an indication of a value system deeply hostile to women. Developed by the 4th century bc, it became widespread in the 17th—18th centuries but was banned in British India in 1829. Frequent instances of suttee continued to occur for many years thereafter, and occasional instances in remote areas are still reported today.
Sutter, John (Augustus) orig. Johann August Suter (b. Feb. 15, 1803, Kandern, Baden—d. June 18, 1880, Washington, D.C., U.S.) German-bom U.S. pioneer. Fleeing financial failures, he left his family in Switzerland and arrived in the U.S. in 1834. He obtained a land grant from the Mexican governor and established the colony of Nueva Helvetia (later Sacramento, Calif.). On the American River he built Sutter’s Fort, a frontier trading post, in 1841. When gold was found there in 1848, he tried to keep it a secret. In the resulting gold rush, squatters and gold seekers invaded his land and stole his goods and livestock. U.S. courts denied his claim to his Mexican land grant, and Sutter was bankrupt by
Sutton Hoo Estate in Suffolk, England, the site of the grave or ceno¬ taph of an Anglo-Saxon king. One of the richest Germanic burials ever found in Europe (1939), the Sutton Hoo site contained an 80-ft (24-m) wooden ship equipped for the afterlife (but with no body). It displayed both pagan and Christian features. The burial’s grave goods demonstrate a high level of craftsmanship and included solid gold and silver objects, such as cups and bowls, and weapons, including a bejeweled sword. There were also coins from the Continent and a dish bearing the stamp of the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I, which reveal broader contacts for the people of England at the time than had been previously recognized. The burial may have been for Raedwald (d. 624?) or Aethelhere (d. 654). Par¬ allels to Swedish finds suggest a possible Swedish origin for the East Anglian royal dynasty.
Sutton, Walter S(tanborough) (b. 1877, Utica, N.Y., U.S.—d. Nov. 10, 1916, Kansas City, Kan.) U.S. geneticist. He received a medical degree from Columbia University and practiced surgery the rest of his life. In 1902 he provided the earliest detailed demonstration that somatic chromosomes (those in cells other than sex cells) occur in distinct pairs of like chromosomes, hypothesizing that chromosomes carry the units of inheritance and that their behaviour during meiosis is the physical basis of Gregor Mendel’s concept of heredity. In 1903 he concluded that chro¬ mosomes contain units of heredity (now known as genes) and that their behaviour during meiosis is random. His work formed the basis for the chromosomal theory of heredity.
Suva Seaport, (pop., 2003 est.: urban area, 210,472), capital of Fiji. Founded in 1849, it was made a city in 1952; it is now one of the largest urban centres in the South Pacific Ocean. With its fine harbour, Suva is Fiji’s chief port and commercial centre and the site of educational and cultural institutions.
Suvorov \su-'v6-r6f\, Aleksandr (Vasilyevich), Count (b. Nov. 24, 1729, Moscow, Russia—d. May 18, 1800, St. Petersburg) Russian army commander. Joining the army at age 15, he became an officer in 1754 and served in the Seven Years’ War. He wrote a battle-training manual that helped Russia win the Russo-Polish conflict (1768-72) and a conflict with the Turks in 1773-74. He led the army in the Russo-Turkish War and was created a count. After crushing a revolt in Poland in 1794, he was promoted to field marshal. He commanded a Russo-Austrian force in Italy in 1799 and captured Milan, expelling most of the French army from Italy. Ordered to relieve a Russian force in Switzerland, he marched