Tallahatchie River River, northern Mississippi, U.S. It rises in Tip¬ pah county and flows southwest 230 mi (370 km) to join the Yalobusha River and form the Yazoo River. The Tallahatchie is navigable for about 100 mi (160 km). Its upper section is sometimes called the Little Talla¬ hatchie River.
Tallapoosa River River, Georgia and Alabama, U.S. Rising in north¬ western Georgia, the Tallapoosa flows southwest for about 268 mi (431
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Tallchief ► Tambo I 1867
km) before joining the larger Coosa River just north of Montgomery, Ala., to form the Alabama River. Three private power dams have created reser¬ voirs, including Lake Martin, for river control, power, and recreation.
Tallchief, Maria (b. Jan. 24, 1925, Fairfax, Okla., U.S.) U.S. ballet dancer of Native American descent.
Tallchief studied with Bronislava Nijinska before joining the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo (1942^-7). She joined the New York City Ballet in 1948 and became its prima ballerina, creating leading roles in many bal¬ lets choreographed for her by George Balanchine (her husband from 1946 to 1952), including Sym- phonie concertante (1947), Caracole (1952), and Pas de dix (1955). She left the company in 1965, became artistic director of the Lyric Opera Ballet in Chicago, and founded the Chicago City Ballet in 1980.
Talleyrand \ta-le-'ra n \ (-Peri- gord), Charles-Maurice de (b.
Feb. 2, 1754, Paris, France—d. May 17, 1838, Paris) French statesman.
Ordained a priest, he became bishop of Autun in 1788. Elected to repre¬ sent the clergy at the Estates-General (1789), he became the “bishop of the Revolution” by calling for confis¬ cation of church property to fund the new government and supporting the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Excommunicated by the pope in 1790, he was sent to England as an envoy in 1792. He was expelled from France during the Reign of Terror, lived in the U.S. (1794-96), then returned to serve in the Directory as foreign minister (1797-99). He was forced to resign briefly for involvement in bribery scandals, including the XYZ Affair. Adept at political survival, he supported Napoleon and again became foreign minister (1799-1807) and later grand chamberlain (1804- 07). He resigned in opposition to Napoleon’s policy toward Russia but continued to advise him, arranging his marriage with Marie-Louise of Aus¬ tria. As Napoleon faced defeat, Talleyrand secretly worked to restore the monarchy; in 1814 he was appointed foreign minister to Louis XVIII and represented France at the Congress of Vienna. Forced by ultraroyalists to resign (1815), he later became involved in the July Revolution of 1830 and served as ambassador to Britain (1830-34).
Tallinn Yta-lon \formerly (until 1918) Revel Vra-vol\ Seaport city (pop., 2001: 399,850), capital of Estonia. It is located on the Gulf of Finland. A fortified settlement existed there from the late 1st millennium bc and a town in the 12th century ad. In 1219 it was captured by the Danes, who built a new fortress. Trade flourished after it joined the Hanseatic League in 1285. In 1346 it was sold to the Teutonic Order, and in 1561 it passed to Sweden. Russia captured it in 1710, and it remained a Russian city until 1918, when it became the capital of independent Estonia. From 1940 to 1991 Estonia was a republic of the U.S.S.R. During World War II the city was occupied by German forces and was severely damaged. Rebuilt, it again became the capital of independent Estonia in 1991. It is a major commercial and fishing port, an industrial centre, and the cultural focus of Estonia, with numerous educational institutions. Historical structures include a medieval city wall and a 13th-century church.
Tallis Vta-bsV Thomas (b. c. 1505—d. Nov. 23,1585, Greenwich, Lon¬ don, Eng.) British composer. An organist at abbeys and churches from 1532, by 1543 he was a gentleman of the Chapel Royal, as both organist and composer. Though a Catholic, he was one of the first to write hymns in English for the Anglican church. During Mary I’s Catholic reign, he wrote Latin masses, but he remained in favour after Elizabeth I’s accession. His powerful Lamentations of Jeremiah are regarded as his greatest body of work; his 40-part motet Spem in alium is his most famous piece. He also wrote three masses and about 40 other motets. In 1575 Tallis and his pupil William Byrd were given the first exclusive license to print music in England.
Talma \tal-'ma\, Francois-Joseph (b. Jan. 16, 1763, Paris, France—d. Oct. 19, 1826, Paris) French actor and theatre manager. He made his debut at the Comedie-Francaise in 1787. Influenced by the painter
Jacques- Louis David, he became an early advocate of historical costuming, and he created a sensation by appearing onstage in a Roman toga. After political dissension split the company (1789), the pro-republican Talma established a rival troupe. He developed realism in his staging and insisted on a naturalistic rather than a declamatory acting style. In 1799 his troupe was reunited with the Comedie-Frangaise; as head of the company, he became recognized as the supreme tragedian of the era, winning the admi¬ ration of Napoleon.
Talmud Ual-'miid, 'tal-modX In Judaism, the systematic amplification and analysis of passages of the Mishna, the Gemara, and other oral law, includ¬ ing the Tosefta. Two Talmuds exist, produced by two different groups of Jewish scholars: the Babylonian Talmud (c. ad 600) and the Palestinian Talmud (c. ad 400). The Babylonian Talmud is more extensive and thus more highly esteemed. Both Talmuds formulate their own hermeneutics to convey their theological system by defining the Torah and by demonstrat¬ ing its perfection and comprehensive character. The Talmud remains a text of central importance, particularly in Orthodox Judaism. Intensive modern Talmudic scholarship is pursued in Israel and the U.S. See also Halakhah.
Talmud Torah Ual-'miid-to-'ra, 'tal-mod-'to-roV Religious study of the Torah in search of the God who makes himself known in that work. It focuses on learning God’s message for contemporary times through inquiry into the books of Hebrew scripture or those that record the origi¬ nal oral Torah of Sinai, the Mishna, Midrash, and Talmuds. Talmud Torah is also the name given to an elementary school under Jewish auspices that places special emphasis on religious education.
tamarin Any of about 25 species of long-tusked marmosets in the gen¬ era Leontopithecus (or Leontideus, according to some authorities) and Saguinus. Tamarins are 8-12 in. (20-30 cm) long, excluding the 12-16- in. (30-40-cm) tail. The emperor tamarin ( Saguinus imperator ) has long, grizzled, gray fur; a reddish tail, and a long white moustache. The three species of Leontopithecus are endangered. See also golden lion tamarin.
tamarind Vta-mo-rondX Evergreen tree ( Tamarindus indica ) of the pea family (see legume), native to tropi¬ cal Africa and cultivated elsewhere as an ornamental and for its edible fruit. The tree grows about 80 ft (24 m) tall and has featherlike leaves. It bears small clusters of yellow flow¬ ers and plump pods that do not split open. The soft, brownish edible pulp contains 1-12 large, flat seeds that are used in Oriental foods, bever¬ ages, and medicines.
Tamaulipas \,ta-mau-'le-pas\
State (pop., 2000: 2,753,222), north¬ eastern Mexico. Located on the Gulf of Mexico, it covers 30,650 sq mi (79,384 sq km). The capital is Ciudad Victoria. Though largely mountain¬ ous, it has extensive, fertile plains in the north and a sandy, lagoon-dotted coastal zone. Large areas are irrigated, and agriculture is the main eco¬ nomic activity; products include sorghum, soybeans, sugarcane, cotton, coffee, and fruit. Fisheries and copper mining also are important. It pro¬ duces one-third of Mexico’s natural gas and large quantities of crude oil.