Tamayo \t3-'mI-o\, Rufino (b. Aug. 26, 1899/1900, Oaxaca, Mex.—d. June 24, 1991, Mexico City) Mexican painter and graphic artist. He stud¬ ied at Mexico City’s School of Fine Arts and then taught at the National Museum of Archaeology (1921-26). He preferred easel painting to the monumental proportions and political rhetoric of Jose Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and David Alfaro Siqueiros. His distinctive style blended Cubism and Surrealism with Mexican folk-art subjects involving semiab¬ stract figures, still lifes, and animals in vibrant colours. From 1936 he lived principally in New York City. In 1950 an exhibition at the Venice Biennale brought him international recognition. He designed murals for Mexico City’s Palace of Fine Arts (1952-53) and UNESCO’s Paris head¬ quarters (1958). In 1974 he donated his collection of pre-Hispanic art to his native Oaxaca.
Tambo, Oliver (b. Oct. 27, 1917, Bizana, near Johannesburg, S.Af.) President (1969-91) of South Africa’s African National Congress (ANC). In 1944, with Nelson Mandela and others, he cofounded the Youth League
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
WALTER DAWN
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1868 I tambourine ► Tan Cheng Lock
of the ANC. He became the ANC’s deputy president in 1958 and was forced into exile in Zambia when it was banned in 1960. He was elected ANC president in 1969 after the death of Albert Lutuli. He returned to South Africa in ill health in 1990 and yielded the party presidency to Mandela.
tambourine Small frame drum with one skin nailed or glued to a shal¬ low circular frame, into which jingles or pellet bells are set. It is held with one hand and struck with the other, or simply shaken. Tambourines were played in ancient Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome, especially in religious contexts, and they have long been prominent in Middle Eastern folk and religious use. Crusaders took them to Europe in the 13th century.
Tamburlaine See Timur Tamerlane See Timur
Tamil Vta-mol, 'ta-mslN Any member of a people originally of southern India who speak the Tamil language. The Tamil have a long history of achievement; sea travel, city life, and commerce seem to have developed early among them. They traded with the ancient Greeks and Romans. They have the oldest cultivated Dravidian language and a rich literary tra¬ dition. They are mostly Hindus (the Tamil area in India is a centre of tra¬ ditional Hinduism). Sri Lanka has two distinct Tamil populations, the so-called Ceylon Tamil and the Indian Tamil. Tensions between the Cey¬ lon Tamil and the Sinhalese Buddhist majority prompted a Tamil guerrilla insurgency in the 1980s that continued into the 21st century. The Tamil number about 57 million, with 3.2 million living in Sri Lanka.
Tamil language Dravidian language spoken by more than 63 million people. It is an official language of Tamil Nadu state in India and one of the official languages of Sri Lanka. Large Tamil-speaking communities also reside in Malaysia and Singapore, South Africa, and the Indian Ocean islands of Reunion and Mauritius. The earliest Tamil inscriptions date from c. 200 bc; literature in the language has a 2,000-year history. Tamil script is descended from the southern Indian Pallava script (see Indic writ¬ ing systems). Tamil has several regional dialects. Brahman and non- Brahman caste dialects, and a marked division between literary and colloquial forms (see diglossia).
Tamil Nadu Vta-msl-'na-dii \ formerly Madras \m9-'dras\ State (pop., 2001 prelim.: 62,110,839), southeastern India. Lying on the Bay of Bengal, its coastline includes the enclaves of Pondicherry and Karaikal (both parts of Pondicherry union territory); it is also bordered by Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh states. Tamil Nadu covers an area of 50,216 sq mi (130,058 sq km), and its capital is Chennai (Madras). Its interior includes the fertile Kaveri River delta. By the 2nd century ad the region was occupied by Tamil kingdoms. The Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar ruled the southern regions from 1336 to 1565. The Portuguese entered the area in 1498, only to be displaced by the Dutch in the 16th— 17th centuries. The British estab¬ lished a settlement in 1611, which expanded to become the separate presi¬ dency of Madras, which lasted from 1653 to 1946. The state of Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956. It is one of India’s most industrialized states, manu¬ facturing vehicles, electrical equipment, and chemicals.
Tamiris Uo-'mir-osV, Helen orig. Helen Becker (b. April 24, 1905, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. Aug. 4,
1966, New York City) U.S. choreog¬ rapher, modem dancer, and teacher.
In 1930 she founded her own com¬ pany and school, which she directed until 1945. Many of her own works, such as Walt Whitman Suite (1934), drew on American themes. From 1945 to 1957 she choreographed Broadway musicals, including Annie Get Your Gun (1946), Touch and Go (1949; Tony Award for choreogra¬ phy), and Fanny (1954). In 1960 she and her dancer-husband, Daniel Nagrin, founded the Tamiris-Nagrin Dance Company.
Tammany Yta-ma-neV Hall Executive committee of the Demo¬ cratic Party in New York City. The group was organized in 1789 in opposition to the Federalist Party’s ruling “aristocrats.” The Society of
Tammany was incorporated in 1805 as a benevolent body; its name derived from a pre-Revolutionary association named after the benevolent Indian chief Tammanend. The group became identified with the city’s Democratic Party. The makeup of the society was substantially altered in 1817 when Irish immigrants, protesting Tammany bigotry, forced their right to membership and benefits. Tammany later championed the exten¬ sion of the franchise to white propertyless males. Nevertheless, the soci¬ ety’s appeal to particular ethnic and religious minorities, the doling out of gifts to the poor, and the bribing of leaders of rival political factions, among them the notorious boss William Marcy Tweed, made the name Tammany Hall synonymous with political corruption. Its power was great¬ est in the late 19th and early 20th century; it declined in the 1930s under the reforms of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mayor Fiorello La Guardia.
Tam muz \'ta- l muz\ Mesopotamian god of fertility. He was the son of Enki, god of water, and Duttur, a per¬ sonification of the ewe. Worship of Tammuz was centered around two yearly festivals, one in the early spring in which his marriage to the goddess Inanna symbolized the fer¬ tilization of nature for the coming year, and one in summer when his death at the hands of demons was lamented. He is thought to be the precursor of several later deities associated with agriculture and fer¬ tility, including Ninsun, Damu, and Dumuzi-Abzu.
tamoxifen \ta-'mak-si-,fen\ Syn¬ thetic hormone, marketed as Nolva¬ dex, that prevents the binding of estrogen to estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. Initially used to prevent recurrences of breast cancer after successful treatment, it was later found to prevent first occurrences in women at high risk. The most seri¬ ous side effect is an increased risk of thrombosis, which may require patients to take an anticoagulant as well. Studies on its effectiveness against breast and other cancers continue.
Tampa City (pop., 2000: 303,447), west-central Florida, U.S. Located on the northeastern end of Tampa Bay, the U.S. Army established Fort Brooke on the site in 1824 to oversee the removal of the Seminole Indi¬ ans. The town was incorporated in 1855. Tampa developed as a cigar¬ making centre after the town’s first cigar factory was established (1886). It now has a wide range of industries and is a major distribution centre. It is a winter and fishing resort and major tourist destination; attractions include Busch Gardens.
Tampa Bay Inlet, Gulf of Mexico, western Florida, U.S. The bay is 25 mi (40 km) long and 7-12 mi (11-19 km) wide, and it serves the recre¬ ational and commercial activities of Saint Petersburg on the western shore and Tampa on the northeast. Hernando de Soto began his travels through the southeastern U.S. region when he reached Tampa Bay in 1539. Tampa Bay is spanned by the 15-mi (24-km) Sunshine Skyway Bridge.