Tampico \tam-'pe-ko\ Port and city (pop., 2000: 295,442), southeastern Tamaulipas state, northeastern Mexico. It lies on the Panuco River and is almost surrounded by swampland and lagoons. It grew around a Fran¬ ciscan monastery founded c. 1532. Destroyed by pirates in 1683, it was not resettled until 1823. It was occupied briefly by U.S. troops (1846) during the Mexican War and by the French in 1862. Until 1901 it was a second-rate port with a reputation for unsanitary conditions. It grew with the rapid exploitation of surrounding petroleum resources to become the most modem port in Mexico and one of the country’s leading seaports. It is also a seaside resort.
Tan Cheng Lock \'tan-'cheq-T6k\ (b. April 5, 1883, Malacca, Straits Settlements—d. Dec. 8, 1960, Malacca) Malaysian Chinese community leader and politician. Born to a wealthy Chinese family, he campaigned against “pro-Malay” policies and in favour of equal rights for all ethnic groups, whether immigrant or indigenous. After World War II, he sup¬ ported the British proposal for a unitary state with common citizenship, which the Malays rejected. During the Malayan Emergency, he cooperated
Helen Tamiris.
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Tammuz, alabaster relief from Ashur, c. 1500 bc; in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Germany
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Tan Malaka ► Tang dynasty I 1869
with the British to promote national unity. In 1949 he was chosen to head the Malayan Chinese Association, the first full-fledged centrist Malayan Chinese political party, and he continued as its head after Malayan inde¬ pendence in 1957.
Tan Malaka Vtan-ma-'la-kaV Ibrahim Datuk (b. 1894—d. April 16, 1949, Blitar, Java, Indon.) Indonesian communist leader. A schoolteacher, he became a communist after returning from Europe in 1919. He was exiled by the Dutch for trying to incite a general strike in 1922 but returned to Java in 1944 and, competing with Sukarno for control of the Indonesian nation¬ alist movement, created a coalition that briefly came to power in 1946. He was imprisoned later that year on charges of attempting a coup. In 1948, while the Dutch and Indonesians were at war, he proclaimed himself head of Indonesia. Forced to flee the invading Dutch, within a few months he was captured and executed by Sukarno’s supporters.
Tana, Lake Lake, Ethiopia. The country’s largest lake, its surface area covers more than 1,400 sq mi (3,620 sq km). It forms the main reservoir for the Blue Nile (see Nile River), which pours from it over a lava barrier, dropping 138 ft (42 m) to form Tisisat Falls. Coptic monasteries were built on two of its islands during the Middle Ages.
Tana River \'ta-na\ River, Kenya. The country’s longest river, it rises in the Aberdare Range and flows in a curve northeast, east, and south 440 mi (708 km) to the Indian Ocean. It is navigable by small craft for about 150 mi (240 km) upstream.
Tana River Vta-ns\ River, northeastern Norway. It flows 224 mi (360 km) north and northeast to empty into Tana Fjord, an inlet of the Arctic Ocean on the northeastern coast of Norway. The river forms a section of the boundary between Norway and Finland.
tanager \ta-na-jar\ Any of 200-220 species (family Emberizidae) of New World songbirds inhabiting forests and gardens. Most species are 4-8 in. (10-20 cm) long and have a short neck. Bills vary in shape, but all are slightly toothed and hooked. Tanagers have brilliant plumage in reds, yellows, greens, blues, and black, sometimes strikingly patterned. Most species are arboreal; most eat fruit, and some eat insects. The scar¬ let, summer, and western tanagers breed in temperate North America. The hepatic tanager breeds from Arizona to central Argentina. Most other spe¬ cies are chiefly tropical.
Tanagra Vta-no-gro, to-'na-groN Ancient town, Boeotia, eastern central Greece. First occupied by an Athenian clan, it became the chief town of the eastern Boeotians, with lands extending to the Gulf of Euboea. It was the scene of the Athenian defeat by the Spartans in 457 bc during the first Peloponnesian War. Finely modeled terra-cotta statuettes, known as Tana¬ gra figures, were made there c. 340-150 bc and exported to Mediterra¬ nean countries.
Tanagra figure Any of the small terra-cotta figures dating primarily from the 3rd century bc and named after the site in Boeotia, Greece, where they were found. The statuettes, mostly of well-dressed young women standing or sitting, were all formed from molds and originally were cov¬ ered with a white coating and then painted. On their discovery in the 19th century, they became enormously popular and were extensively and expertly forged.
Tanaka \'ta-na-ka\, Kakuei (b. May 4, 1918, Kariwa, Niigata prefec¬ ture, Japan—d. Dec. 16, 1993, Tokyo) Prime minister of Japan (1972- 74). As prime minister, Tanaka pushed through many government construction projects and was responsible for the economic revitalization of much of western Japan and for establishing diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China. In 1976 he was charged with accepting, while prime minister, $2 million from Lockheed Aircraft Corp. to influ¬ ence All Nippon Airways to buy Lockheed jets; he was convicted in 1983. However, he remained powerful in the Liberal-Democratic Party until he retired from politics in 1990.
Tanaka Tomoyuki (b. April 16,1910, Osaka, Japan—d. April 2,1997, Tokyo) Japanese film producer. Tanaka was associated for nearly 60 years with Japan’s Toho Studios, for which he produced more than 200 films. Of these, his best known are the 22 films in the Godzilla series, begin¬ ning with Godzilla, King of the Monsters in 1954 and ending with Godz¬ illa vs. Destroyer in 1995. He also produced films for renowned director Kurosawa Akira.
Tanana Yta-no-.noV River River, east-central Alaska, U.S. Rising from two headstreams fed by glaciers high in the Wrangell Mountains, the
Tanana flows northwest 550 mi (885 km) to join the Yukon River; it is the Yukon’s chief southern tributary. The Tanana was first explored by Rus¬ sian traders in the mid-19th century. Its valley was an important gold- producing area in the 1904 gold rush; it is also a lumbering district and one of Alaska’s major farming regions. The Alaska Highway follows it for nearly its entire course.
Tananarive See Antananarivo
Tancred \'taq-krad\ (d. Feb. 20, 1194, Palermo) King of Sicily (1190— 94), the last of the Norman rulers. He rebelled twice (1155, 1161) against his uncle William I of Sicily, and he gained the Sicilian throne after the death of William II. He gave in to the demand of Richard I (the Lionheart) in 1191 for the legacy left him by William II and the return of the dowry of his sister Joan, William’s widow, after Richard occupied Messina. Emperor Henry VI sought to wrest the Sicilian throne from Tancred, unsuc¬ cessfully besieging Naples in 1191 and marching on Sicily again in 1194. Tancred died before his arrival, and Henry was crowned king.
Tandy, Jessica See Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy
Taney, Roger B(rooke) (b. March 17, 1777, Calvert county, Md., U.S.—d. Oct. 12, 1864, Washington,
D.C.) U.S. jurist. A lawyer from 1801, he served in Maryland’s leg¬ islature before being named state attorney general (1827-31). He was appointed U.S. attorney general in 1831 by Pres. Andrew Jackson and achieved national prominence by opposing the Bank of the United States. In 1833 Jackson nominated him to serve as secretary of the trea¬ sury, but his appointment was rejected by the Senate. In 1835 Jack- son selected him to serve as associ¬ ate justice on the Supreme Court of the United States, and after the death of Chief Justice John Marshall, Jack- son sought to have him confirmed as chief justice. Despite powerful resis¬ tance led by Henry Clay, John C. Cal¬ houn, and Daniel Webster, Taney was sworn in as chief justice in March 1836. His tenure (1836-64) remains the second longest in the Supreme Court’s history. He is remembered principally for the Dred Scott decision (1857), in which he argued that a slave was not a citizen and could not sue in a federal court, that Congress had no power to exclude slavery from the territories, and that blacks could not become citizens. He is also noted for his opinion in Abelman v. Booth (1858), which denied state power to obstruct the processes of the federal courts, and in Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837), which declared that rights not specifically conferred by a charter could not be inferred from the language of the document. Though he considered sla¬ very an evil, he believed its elimination should be brought about gradu¬ ally and chiefly by the states in which it existed.