Taylor, Lawrence (Julius) (b. Feb. 4, 1959, Williamsburg, Va., U.S.) U.S. football linebacker. He played for the University of North Carolina, making All-American in 1980. During his 13-year career with the New York Giants (1981-94), he was twice named Defensive Player of the Year (1981, 1982) and once named Most Valuable Player (1986), only the sec¬ ond defensive player to be so honoured. The prototypical linebacker of his era, he possessed the strength to defeat blocks from linemen and the speed to chase down running backs.
Taylor, Maxwell (Davenport) (b. Aug. 26, 1901, Keytesville, Mo., U.S.—d. April 19, 1987, Washington, D.C.) U.S. army officer. He gradu¬ ated from West Point and helped organize the army’s first airborne divi¬ sion early in World War II. He commanded a parachute assault in the Normandy Campaign and in the Battle of the Bulge (1944). He served as
commanding general of UN forces in Korea (1953), as U.S. Army chief of staff (1955-59), and as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1962- 64). He was appointed ambassador to South Vietnam (1964-65) and was a special consultant to Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson (1965-69). He advocated the maintenance of conventional infantry as a prudent alternative to the use of nuclear weapons in war.
Taylor, Paul (Belville) (b. July 29, 1930, Wilkinsburg, Pa., U.S.) U.S. modern dancer, choreographer, and director. In 1953 he joined Martha Graham’s company, where he was a leading soloist until 1960. In 1957 he established the Paul Taylor Dance Company. As a choreographer he employed a wide variety of move¬ ment styles, some of which he described as “flat” (two-dimensional in appearance), “dance scribbling”
(emphasis on action rather than on shape or line), and “lyric” (“long arms”). His works include Duet (1957), Aureole (1962), Orbs (1966), and Nightshade (1979). In 1993 he formed Taylor 2, a small group of dancers who perform in smaller ven- ues and teach the Taylor style. Paul Ta y |or and Bettie de Jon 9 in Scud '
orama, 1967
Taylor, Peter (Hillsman) (b. jackmitchell Jan. 8, 1917, Trenton, Tenn.,
U.S.—d. Nov. 2, 1994, Charlottes¬ ville, Va.) U.S. short-story writer, novelist, and playwright. Taylor stud¬ ied in the 1930s under several poets associated with the Southern literary renaissance. He taught at various schools, including the University of Vir¬ ginia. He is best known for his short stories, which are usually set in con¬ temporary Tennessee and which reveal conflicts between the old rural society and the industrialized “New South.” The novella A Woman of Means (1950) is perhaps his finest work; his later works include The Old Forest and Other Stories (1985) and A Summons to Memphis (1986, Pulitzer Prize).
Taylor, Zachary (b. Nov. 24, 1784, Montebello, Va., U.S.—d. July 9, 1850, Washington, D.C.) 12th president of the U.S. (1849-50). He fought in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War (1832), and the Seminole War in Florida (1835—42), earning the nickname “Old Rough-and-Ready” for his indifference to hardship. Sent to Texas in anticipation of war with Mexico, he defeated the Mexican invaders at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma (1846). After the Mexican War formally began, he captured Monterrey and granted the Mexican army an eight-week armi¬ stice. Displeased, Pres. James K. Polk transferred Taylor’s best troops to the command of Winfield Scott to serve in the invasion of Veracruz. Tay¬ lor ignored orders to remain in Monterrey and marched south to defeat a large Mexican force at the Battle of Buena Vista (1847). He became a national hero and was nominated as the Whig candidate for president (1848). He defeated Lewis Cass to win the election. His brief term was marked by a controversy over the new territories that produced the Com¬ promise of 1 850 and by a scandal involving members of his cabinet. He died, probably of cholera, after only 16 months in office and was suc¬ ceeded by Millard Fillmore.
Taylorism System of scientific management advocated by Fred W. Tay¬ lor. In Taylor’s view, the task of factory management was to determine the best way for the worker to do the job, to provide the proper tools and training, and to provide incentives for good performance. He broke each job down into its individual motions, analyzed these to determine which were essential, and timed the workers with a stopwatch. With unneces¬ sary motion eliminated, the worker, following a machinelike routine, became far more productive. See also production management, time-and- MOTION STUDY.
Taymyr \tl-‘mir\ Peninsula Peninsula, north-central Siberia, northern Russia. It lies between the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, and the Vilkitsky Strait and includes Cape Chelyuskin, the northernmost point of Asia. Its central part is crossed by the Taymyra River, which is 400 mi (644 km) long. It occupies an area of approximately 150,000 sq mi (400,000 sq km). The Byrranga Mountains, in its centre, reach a height of about 3,800 ft (1,150 m).
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1880 I Tbilisi ► teal
Tbilisi \to-bi-Te-s e\ formerly Tiflis City (pop., 2002: 1,081,679), capital of the Republic of Georgia, on the Kura River. Founded c. ad 458 as the capital of the Georgian kingdom, its strategic position on trade routes between Europe and Asia led to its frequent capture. It endured under successive Persian, Byzantine, Arab, Mongol, and Turkish rulers and came under the control of the Russian Empire c. 1801. It was made the capital of the Transcaucasian S.F.S.R. by 1922, of the Georgian S.S.R. in 1936, and of independent Georgia in 1991. Some ancient structures still exist in the city, which is now a major cultural, educational, research, and industrial centre.
Tchaikovsky \cho-'k6f-ske, chI-'kof-ske\, Pyotr Ilyich (b. May 7, 1840, Votkinsk, Russia—d. Nov. 6, 1893, St. Petersburg) Russian com¬ poser. Sensitive and interested in music from his early childhood, Tchai¬ kovsky turned to serious composition at age 14. In 1862 he began studying at the new St. Petersburg Conservatory; from 1866 he taught at the Mos¬ cow Conservatory. His Piano Concerto No. 1 (1875) was premiered in Boston and became immensely popular. He wrote his first ballet. Swan Lake (first performed 1877), on commission from the Bolshoi Ballet. In 1877 he received a commission from the wealthy Nadezhda von Meek (1831-94), who became his patron and longtime correspondent. The opera Eugene Onegin (1878) soon followed. Though homosexual, he married briefly; after three disastrous months of marriage, he attempted suicide. His composition was overshadowed by his personal crisis for years. His second ballet, Sleeping Beauty (1889), was followed by the opera The Queen of Spades (1890) and the great ballet The Nutcracker (1892). The Pathetique Symphony (1893) premiered four days before his death from cholera; claims that he was forced to commit suicide by noblemen out¬ raged by his sexual liaisons are unfounded. He revolutionized the ballet genre by transforming it from a grand decorative gesture into a staged musical drama. His music has always had great popular appeal because of its tuneful, poignant melodies, impressive harmonies, and colourful, picturesque orchestration.
TCP/IP in full Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Pro¬ tocol Standard Internet communications protocols that allow digital com¬ puters to communicate over long distances. The Internet is a packet- switched network, in which information is broken down into small packets, sent individually over many different routes at the same time, and then reassembled at the receiving end. TCP is the component that collects and reassembles the packets of data, while IP is responsible for making sure the packets are sent to the right destination. TCP/IP was developed in the 1970s and adopted as the protocol standard for ARPA¬ NET (the predecessor to the Internet) in 1983.
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Te Anau Lake \ta-'a-naii\ Lake, southwestern South Island, New Zealand. The largest of the Southern Lakes, it is 38 mi (61 km) long and 6 mi (10 km) wide, and a source of the Waiau River. In a superb alpine setting bordered by forested mountains, it is known for fishing and tourism.