televangelism Evangelism through religious programs on television. Such programs are usually hosted by a fundamentalist Protestant minis-
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1884 I television ► temperature
ter, who conducts services and often asks for donations. Billy Graham became known worldwide through his TV specials from the 1950s on. Other prominent televangelists have included Oral Roberts, Jerry Falwell, and Pat Robertson.
television (TV) Electronic system for transmitting still or moving images and sound to receivers that project a view of the images on a picture tube or screen and recreate the sound. Early versions (1900-20) of the cathode-ray (picture) tube, methods of amplifying an electronic signal, and theoretical formulation of the electronic-scanning principle later became the basis of modem TV. RCA demonstrated the first all-electronic TV in 1932. Colour TV (in the 1950s), cable TV systems (introduced in the 1960s), and recording or playback machines (in the 1980s; see VCR) followed. Digital high-definition (HDTV) systems (1990s) provide sharper, clearer pictures and sound with little interference or other imperfections and have the potential to merge TV functions with those of computers.
television, cable See cable television
telex International telegraphic message-transfer service consisting of a network of teleprinters. Subscribers to a telex service can exchange tex¬ tual communications and data directly with one another. Telex systems originated in Europe in the early 1930s and were widely used for several decades. The ability to conduct high-speed digital communication over regular telephone lines led to a decline in the use of telex, but it is still used as a data transmission service for applications in which high trans¬ mission speeds are not necessary or in areas where more modem data equipment is not available.
Telford, Thomas (b. Aug. 9, 1757, near Westerkirk, Dumfries, Scot.—d. Sept. 2, 1834, London, Eng.) Scottish civil engineer. He built the Ellesmere, Caledonian, and Gota canals and the St. Katherine’s Docks in London. His crowning achievement was the design and construction (1819-26) of the great Menai Bridge, a suspension bridge in Wales. In all he built some 1,200 bridges, over 1,000 miles of road, and many build¬ ings. He was the first president of the British Institution of Civil Engi¬ neers (founded 1818).
Tell, William German Wilhelm Tell. Swiss national hero whose his¬ torical existence is disputed. According to tradition, in the 13th or early 14th century he defied Austrian authority and was forced to shoot an apple from his son’s head with a crossbow at a distance of 80 paces by the hated Austrian governor. He subsequently ambushed and killed the governor, an event that supposedly led to rebellion against Austrian rule. He is first mentioned in a chronicle from 1470. The marksman’s test is widely found in folklore, and the story has resemblances to the founding myths of other nations.
Tell Asmar See Eshnunna
Tell el-Amarna See Tell cI-Amarna
Tell MardTkh See Ebla
Teller, Edward orig. Ede Teller (b. Jan. 15, 1908, Budapest, Hung., Austria-Hungary—d. Sept. 9, 2003,
Stanford, Calif.) Hungarian-born U.S. nuclear physicist. Born to a prosperous Jewish family, he earned a Ph.D. at the University of Leipzig (1930) before leaving Nazi Germany (1933) and settled in the U.S. in 1935. In 1941 he joined Enrico Fer¬ mi’s team in the effort to produce the first self-sustaining nuclear reaction, and in 1943 J. Robert Oppenheimer recruited him for the Manhattan Project. At the war’s end, Teller advocated development of a fusion bomb, and he won permission after initial government resistance. With Stanislaw Ulam he developed a work¬ able hydrogen bomb in 1952. That same year he helped establish the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (Livermore, Calif.), which became the chief U.S. factory for nuclear weapons. In 1954 he joined the oppo¬ sition to Oppenheimer’s continued security clearance. A staunch anticom¬
munist, he devoted much energy to his crusade to keep the U.S. ahead of the Soviet Union in nuclear arms; he opposed nuclear weapons treaties, and he was principally responsible for convincing Pres. Ronald Reagan of the need for the Strategic Defense Initiative. In 2003 Teller was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Telloh See Lagash
Telugu \'te-l3-,gu\ language Dravidian language spoken by more than 66 million people in South India and in immigrant communities else¬ where. It is the official language of the state of Andhra Pradesh. The ear¬ liest inscription entirely in Telugu is from the 6th century; literary texts begin in the 11th century. The Telugu script, derived from the writing of the Calukya dynasty, is closely akin to Kannada script (see Indic writing systems). Like other major Dravidian languages, Telugu has very marked distinctions between formal or literary and colloquial registers and between social dialects.
telum figure or tellem figure Vte-bmX Small, devotional image carved from wood or stone, probably used in private ancestor worship in primitive societies. Telum figures are known from northwestern New Guinea and in the Dogon art of Sudan. Extant examples are rare, perhaps because they had less intrinsic value than the more carefully executed statues used in formal ceremonies of ancestor worship.
Tempe Vtem-pe, tem-'pe\ City (pop., 2000: 158,625), southwest-central Arizona, U.S. Tempe is located on the Salt River, near Phoenix. First settled in 1872, it was renamed in 1880 for the Vale of Tempe in Greece. After World War II the city experienced rapid residential and economic growth with light-industrial development. Arizona State University (founded 1885), located there, has an auditorium designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
Tempe Vtem-peX, Vale of Greek Tembi Narrow valley between Mount Olympus and Mount Ossa, northeastern Thessaly, Greece. The Pin- ios River flows through the 6-mi (10-km) valley before emptying into the Aegean Sea. The ancient Greeks dedicated Tempe to the cult of Apollo. Legends attribute its formation to a blow from Poseidon’s trident; how¬ ever, geologists believe it was carved by stream action. Because it pro¬ vides access from the coast of Greece to the Thessalian plain, it has been a traditional invasion route. Ruins of castles and fortifications, from the Roman period to the Middle Ages, mark its strong points.
tempera painting Painting executed with ground pigment mixed with a water-soluble material, such as egg yolk, gum, or wax. The special ground for tempera painting is a rigid wood panel coated with thin layers of gesso, a preparation usually made of plaster of Paris and glue. Tem¬ pera paint is resistant to water and allows overpainting with more colour; the thin, transparent layers of paint produce a clear, luminous effect. The exclusive medium for panel painting in the Middle Ages and early Renais¬ sance, it was largely superseded in the 15th century by oil paint.
temperament In the psychological study of personality, an individu¬ al’s characteristic or habitual inclination or mode of emotional response. The notion of temperament in this sense originated with Galen, who developed it from an earlier theory regarding the four “humours”: blood, phlegm, and black and yellow bile. The subject was taken up in the 20th century by Ernst Kretschmer and later theorists, including Margaret Mead. Today researchers emphasize physiological processes (including the endo¬ crine and autonomic nervous systems) and culture and learning.
temperament See tuning and temperament
temperance movement International social movement dedicated to the control of alcohol consumption through the promotion of moderation and abstinence. It began as a church-sponsored movement in the U.S. in the early 19th century. It attracted the efforts of many women, and by 1833 there were 6,000 local temperance societies in the U.S. The first European temperance society was formed in Ireland in 1826. An international tem¬ perance movement began in Utica, N.Y., U.S., in 1851 and spread to Aus¬ tralia, Asia, Europe, India, South and West Africa, and South America. See also Carry Nation; Prohibition; Woman's Christian Temperance Movement.