Tempyo style \'temp-yo\ Japa¬ nese sculptural style of the Nara period (710-784), greatly influenced by the Chinese imperial style of the
vshura, dry lacquer ( kanshitsu ) sculp- jre in the Tempyo style, Late Nara eriod (724-794); in the Kofuku-ji, Jara, Japan
SUKA-EN, JAPAN
Temple, Shirley later Shirley Temple Black (b. April 23, 1928, Santa Monica, Calif., U.S.) U.S. child actress. She was selected from her dancing class for a screen test and made her debut at age four. She won notice in Stand Up and Cheer (1934) and was featured in Little Miss Marker (1934) and Bright Eyes (1934), in which she sang “On the Good Ship Lollipop.” A precocious performer known for her dimples and golden curls, she became the country’s most popular female star and Hollywood’s top box office attraction in the Great Depression era. She received a special Academy Award in 1934. Her later films include The Little Colonel (1935),
Wee Willie Winkie (1937), and The Little Princess (1939). As an adult she served as a U.S. delegate to the cu- i t i UN General Assembly (1969-70) brown Mothers
and as U.S. ambassador to Ghana -
(1974-76) and Czechoslovakia (1989-92).
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1886 I Ten Commandments ► Tenniel
Tang dynasty (618-907). Many supreme sculptural achievements of Japa¬ nese Buddhist art were created during this era, often in unbaked clay, solid wood, and lacquered cloth molded on a removable core (a technique called kanshitsu , or dry lacquer). Tempyo style shows a closer fusion of parts into a unified whole than is found in works of the Early Nara period, giving a sense of activity and realistic observation; the new realism is especially notable in portrait sculpture.
Ten Commandments List of religious precepts sacred in Judaism and Christianity. They include injunctions to honour God, the Sabbath, and one’s parents, as well as bans on idolatry, blasphemy, murder, adultery, theft, false witness, and covetousness. In the book of Exodus, they are divinely revealed to Moses on Mount Sinai and engraved on two stone tablets. Most scholars propose a date between the 16th and 13th century bc for the com¬ mandments, though some date them as late as 750 bc. They were not regarded with deep reverence by Christians until the 13th century.
Ten Thousand Smokes, Valley of Volcanic region, southern Alaska, U.S. Located in Katmai National Park and Preserve, the valley cov¬ ers 56 sq mi (145 sq km). It was created in 1912 when the eruption of the Novarupta and Mount Katmai volcanoes covered the valley in a flow of lava. When an expedition visited the site in 1916, it discovered tens of thousands of fissures known as fumaroles spouting smoke, gas, and steam in the valley floor. The largest was 150 ft (46 m) in diameter; some had temperatures as high as 1,200 °F (649 °C). About 60 years later there were fewer than 12 fumaroles left. In the 1960s U.S. astronauts used the scarred region to train for Moon landings.
tenant See landlord and tenant
tenant farming Agricultural system in which landowners rent their land to farmers and receive either cash or a share of the product in return. Landowners may also contribute operating capital and management. Under one arrangement, known as sharecropping, the landowner furnishes all the capital and sometimes the food, clothing, and medical expenses of the tenant and may also supervise the work. The sharecropper then pays the landowner with a portion of the output grown on the land. In other forms of tenant farming, the tenant may furnish all the equipment and have substantial autonomy in the farm’s operation. Tenants and their fami¬ lies probably constitute two-fifths of the world’s population engaged in agriculture. Tenant farming can be highly efficient, as has been shown in England and Wales. Abuses occur when landowners’ power is excessive and the tenants are poor or of inferior social status.
Tendai See Tiantai
tendinitis or tendonitis \,ten-d 3 n-T-t9s\ Inflammation of a tendon sheath, due to irritation of this thin, filmy tissue by overuse of the ten¬ dons, which slide within them, or to bacterial infection. It is often an occupational disease, affecting tendons used in repetitive motions on the job. The tendon becomes swollen and red, with pain that increases on motion. The swelling hampers the tendon’s sliding within, causing stiff¬ ness. Treatment involves immobilization with a splint, cast, or bandage and gradually increasing motion after inflammation subsides, which may happen sooner with corticosteroid injections. Repeated episodes can per¬ manently thicken the sheath, limiting motion.
tendon Tissue attaching a muscle to other body parts, usually bones, to transmit the mechanical force of muscle contraction to the other part. Much like ligaments, tendons are composed of dense, fibrous connective tissue with a high collagen content, which makes them remarkably tough and strong, with great tensile strength to withstand the stresses generated by muscle contraction.
tendril Plant organ specialized to anchor and support vining stems. A tendril is a slender, whiplike or threadlike strand, produced usually from the node of a stem and composed of either stem or leafstalk tissue, by which a vine or other plant may climb. Sensitive to contact, the tendril turns toward any object it brushes against, wraps about it, and clings to it for as long as the stimulation persists. Later, strong mechanical tissue develops in the tendrils, making them strong enough to support the weight of the plant. Some tendrils have enlargements at the ends that flatten and produce an adhesive that firmly cements them to their support. Common examples of tendril plants are grape, English ivy, sweet pea, gourds, and PASSIONFLOWERS.
Tenerife, Pico de See Pico de Teide Teng Hsiao-p'ing See Deng Xiaoping
Teniers Uo-'nirs, ta-'nya\, David (baptized Dec. 15, 1610, Antwerp, Belg.—d. April 25, 1690, Brussels) Flemish painter. His father, also named David Teniers (1582-1649), was a painter of primarily religious subjects. The younger Teniers was highly prolific and is best known for his genre scenes of peasant life, many of which were used for tapestry designs in the 18th century. He was brilliant at handling crowd scenes in an open landscape and adept at characterizing his figures with a warm, human, and often humorous touch. As court painter to the archduke Leopold William, he also made many small-scale copies of paintings in the archduke’s collection; engraved and published as Theatrum Pictorium (1660), they constitute a valuable source as a pictorial inventory of a great 17th-century collection.
Tennessee State (pop., 2000: 5,689,283), southeast-central U.S. It occu¬ pies 42,144 sq mi (109,153 sq km); its capital is Nashville. It is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Ala¬ bama and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Great Smoky Mountains edge the eastern part of the state, while the Mississippi River is on its western boundary. The Tennessee River valley domi¬ nates much of the state, and the Tennessee Valley Authority is the nation’s largest electric-power generating system. Tennessee has a moderate cli¬ mate; about half of it is forested. American Indians, including Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Shawnee, inhabited the region when Spanish, French, and English explorers visited it in the 16th-17th centuries. It was included in the British charter of Carolina and in the French Louisiana claim and was ceded to Great Britain after the French and Indian War. The first perma¬ nent settlement was made c. 1770. It was part of North Carolina until 1785, when the area’s settlers broke away and formed the free state of Franklin. North Carolina relinquished its claim in 1789, and Tennessee became the 16th U.S. state in 1796. In 1861 it seceded from the Union; the hard-fought American Civil War battles of Shiloh, Chattanooga, Stones River, and Nashville occurred there. In 1866 it was the first state read¬ mitted to the Union. During the Reconstruction era, blacks lost what little power they had gained. After World War II Tennessee became a testing ground for those involved in the civil rights movement. The state’s economy is based on manufacturing.