Terborch \t3r-'bork,\ English \t3r-'bork\, Gerard or Gerard ter Borch (b. 1617, Zwolle, Neth.—d. Dec. 8, 1681, Deventer) Dutch painter. After travels in England, Italy, Westphalia, and Spain, he returned home in 1648 and settled in Deventer in 1654. His works consist almost equally of portraits and genre paintings. By subtlety of tonal gradations and mastery of rendering diverse textures, he achieved extraordinarily rich effects with the clothing in his portraits. His superb colour sense is seen to advantage in his interior genre pieces, in which he depicted with grace
and fidelity the atmosphere of well- to-do middle-class life in 17th- century Holland.
Terbrugghen Uor-'bru-gsnV
Hendrik or Hendrick ter Brugghen (b. c. 1588, Deventer?, Neth.—buried Nov. 9, 1629, Utre¬ cht) Dutch painter. He reportedly spent 10 years in Italy, and on his return to Utrecht in 1615 his work showed the strong influence of Car¬ avaggio. His two versions of The Calling of St. Matthew (c. 1617, 1621) reflect knowledge of Caravag¬ gio’s treatment of the same subject. He is most indebted to Caravaggio for his chiaroscuro, though his own light is more atmospheric and sil¬ very, as in The Flute Player (1621). His masterpiece is St. Sebastian Attended by Irene and Her Maid (1625). With Gerrit van Honthorst, he was a leader of the Utrecht school.
brugghen, 1621; in the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Kassel, Ger.
COURTESY OF THE STAATLICHE KUNSTSAMMLUNGEN, KASSEL, GER
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Terence ► terrazzo I 1889
Terence orig. Publius Terentius Afer (b. c. 195, Carthage, North Africa—d. 159? bc, in Greece or at sea) Roman comic dramatist. Bom as a slave, he was taken to Rome, where he was educated and later freed. His six extant verse plays are The Woman of Andros, The Mother-in-Law, The Self-Tormentor, The Eunuch, Phormio, and The Brothers. Produced between 166 and 160 bc, they were based on Greek originals (including four by Menander); Terence eliminated their original prologues, used con¬ temporary colloquial Latin, and introduced a measure of realism. He influ¬ enced later dramatists such as Moliere and William Shakespeare.
Teresa (of Calcutta), Blessed Mother orig. Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu (b. Aug. 27, 1910, Skopje, Maced., Ottoman Empire—d. Sept. 5, 1997, Calcutta, India; beatified Oct. 19, 2003) Roman Catholic nun, founder of the Order of the Missionaries of Charity. The daughter of a grocer, she became a nun and went to India as a young woman. After studying nursing, she moved to the slums of Calcutta (Kolkata); in 1948 she founded her order, which served the blind, the aged, the disabled, and the dying. In 1963 the Indian government awarded her the Padmashri (“Lord of the Lotus”) for her services to the people of India, and in 1971 Pope Paul VI awarded her the first Pope John XXIII Peace Prize. In 1979 she received the Nobel Prize for Peace. Although in her later years she suffered from a worsening heart condition, Mother Teresa continued to serve the poor and sick and also spoke out against divorce, contraception, and abortion. Her order included hundreds of centres in more than 90 countries, with some 4,000 nuns and hundreds of thousands of lay work¬ ers. She was succeeded by the Indian-born Sister Nirmala. The process to declare her a saint began within two years of her death, and Pope John Paul II issued a special dispensation to expedite the process. She was beatified on Oct. 19, 2003, reaching the ranks of the blessed in the short¬ est time in the church’s history.
Teresa of Avila, Saint orig. Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada
(b. March 28, 1515, Avila, Spain—d. Oct. 4, 1582, Alba de Tormes; can¬ onized 1622; feast day October 15) Spanish Carmelite nun, mystic, and saint. After entering a convent around the age of 20, she fell seriously ill. She underwent a religious awakening in 1555 and, despite her frail health, initiated the Carmelite Reform, leading the order’s return to its original austere practices, including poverty and seclusion from the world. Against some opposition, she opened new convents (the first in 1562) under the reformed order throughout Spain. St. John of the Cross joined her in her efforts, establishing reformed Carmelite monasteries. Her doctrines have been accepted as the classical exposition of the contemplative life, and her spiritual writings are still widely read today, among them The Inte¬ rior Castle (1588). In 1970 she became the first woman elevated to the position of Doctor of the Church.
Tereshkova \ 1 ter-3sh- , ko-v3\, Valentina (Vladimirovna) (b.
March 6, 1937, Maslennikovo, Russia, U.S.S.R.) Russian cosmonaut. An accomplished parachutist, she was accepted for the cosmonaut program in 1961. In 1963 she became the first woman in space, making 48 orbits in 71 hours aboard Vostok 6. She left the program after her flight and served in various governmental positions until the early 1990s. She was named a hero of the Soviet Union and twice awarded the Order of Lenin.
Terkel Vtor-kolV, Studs orig. Louis Turkel (b. May 16, 1912, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. radio personality and author. He moved with his family to Chicago when he was eight. Terkel gave up a legal career to become a radio disk jockey and interviewer, exposure that led to his own television show in 1950. In 1953, blacklisted from television for his left¬ ist leanings, he returned to radio, continuing at the same station for 45 years. His books include Division Street (1967), about Chicago; Hard Times (1970), about the Depression; Working (1974), on Americans and their jobs; The Good War, on World War II (1984, Pulitzer Prize); and Race (1992), on American feelings about race.
Terman, Lewis M(adison) (b. Jan. 15, 1877, Johnson county, Ind., U.S.—d. Dec. 21, 1956, Palo Alto, Calif.) U.S. psychologist. After join¬ ing the faculty of Stanford University in 1910, he revised the Binet-Simon intelligence scale and published the Stanford-Binet IQ test (1916), which soon was widely adopted in the U.S. During World War I he developed group intelligence testing for the U.S. Army, and in 1921 he launched a long-term program for the study of gifted children. He wrote The Mea¬ surement of Intelligence (1916) and coauthored Genetic Studies of Genius (5 vol., 1926-59).
termite Any of 1,900 species (order Isoptera) of mostly tropical, social, cellulose-eating insects that are usually soft-bodied and wingless. Intesti¬
nal microorganisms enable them to digest cellulose. Termite colonies con¬ sist of a fertile queen and king (reproductives), workers (the most numerous), and soldiers (see caste). Kings are less than an inch long (1-2 cm), but a queen may grow to more than 4 in. (11 cm). Workers and soldiers are sterile and blind. They survive two to five years; reproductives may live for 60-70 years. Termites live in a sealed, humid nest in wood or under¬ ground. Underground nests may be built up into a mound. Periodically, alates (winged, sighted forms) develop and leave the nest to start a new colony. Termites eat chiefly wood. Soil-dwelling termites attack wood that is in contact with the ground; wood-dwelling termites, requiring less humidity than soil-dwellers, attack trees, posts, and wooden buildings.
tern Any of about 40 species (subfamily Steminae, family Laridae) of slender, web-footed, migratory water birds found almost worldwide. Spe¬ cies vary from 8 to 22 in. (20-55 cm) long. The plumage is white, black- and-white, or black; the sharply pointed bill is black, red, or yellow; and the feet are red or black. Most species have long, pointed wings and a forked tail. Terns plunge into the water to catch crustaceans and fishes. They breed colonially, usually on the ground on islands. See also Arctic TERN.
terneplate Vtom-.pliUA Steel sheet with a coating of terne metal, an alloy of lead and tin applied by dipping the steel in molten metal. The lead con¬ tent gives terneplate a dull appearance, a noncorrosive surface, and sol- derability. The tin (12-50% of the alloy) wets the steel, making possible the union of lead and iron, which would otherwise not alloy. While it is still used for roofing, gutters and downspouts, casket linings, gasoline tanks, oil cans, and various containers, it has largely been replaced by other, more durable steel products that are easier to manufacture. See also GALVANIZING, TINPLATING.