Times, The Daily newspaper published in London, one of Britain’s old¬ est and most influential, and one of the world’s greatest newspapers. Founded by John I. Walter in 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, it became The Times in 1788, publishing commercial news and notices along with some scandal. By the mid-1800s it had developed into a widely respected national journal and daily historical record. Late in the 19th century its reputation and circulation declined, but it returned to financial security after being bought by Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount North- CUFFE (1908), and its preeminence in editorial matters and news coverage was reestablished under the editorship of William Haley (1952-67). In 1981 it was bought by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation.
Times Literary Supplement (TLS) Weekly literary journal long famous for its coverage of all aspects of literature. Founded in 1902 as a supplement to The Sunday Times of London, the TLS sets the tone and standards of excellence in the field of literary criticism. It presents reviews of major books of fiction and nonfiction published in several languages, and its essays are written with sophistication and scholarly authority and in a lively style. It is also noted for its bibliographic thoroughness, for its topical essays by the world’s leading scholars, and for the erudition of its readers’ published letters to the editor. See also The Times.
A mixture of three pure tones (top) yields a complex resultant tone (bot¬ tom), such as might be produced by an actual instrument, whose perceived quality, or "colour," is its timbre. The strong fundamental tone (top)—which would be perceived by the listener as the only tone played —has a frequency of 100. The other tones shown, with frequencies of 300 and 500, are weaker overtones of the fundamental; their relative loudness (amplitude), reflected in the complex resultant wave form, constitutes an essential aspect of the unique timbre the wave form repre¬ sents.
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1912 I Timis River ► Tinguely
Timis \'te- I mesh\ River Serbo-Croatian Tamis \'te-,mesh\ River, west¬ ern Romania and northeastern Serbia and Montenegro. Rising at the west¬ ern end of the Southern Carpathians, it flows in an arc to enter the Danube River just east of Belgrade after a course of 211 mi (340 km).
Timisoara \,te-me-'shwa-ra\ City (pop., 2002: 317,651), western Roma¬ nia. Located near the Timis River, it was first settled in Neolithic and Roman times. It was sacked by the Tatars in the 13th century. Its citadel was rebuilt in the 14th century and for a few years became the residence of Charles I of Hungary. The Turks held the town from 1552 until the Aus¬ trians took it in 1716. Occupied by Serbia in 1919, Timi§oara was allot¬ ted to Romania by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon. Antigovemment demonstrations there in 1989 led to the execution of Pres. Nicolae Ceausescu and the end of communist rule in Romania. It is a manufactur¬ ing, commercial, and cultural centre.
Timoleon \ti-'mo-le-on\ of Corinth (d. after 337 bc) Greek statesman and general. When the city of Syracuse called to its mother city, Corinth, for help in overthrowing its tyrant, Dionysius the Younger, Timoleon was chosen to lead the liberation force. By shrewd tactics he defeated the combined forces of the oppressor and his Carthaginian allies, who he confined to the western end of the island. He introduced constitutional safeguards and invited more Greek immigration. He retired in 337.
Timor Vte-.mor, te-'mor\ Island, southern Malay Archipelago. It is the easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Indonesian-Malay peoples live along the coast and Melanesian aboriginals in the mountains. They speak dozens of Papuan and Malayan languages, as well as Portuguese in the east and Indonesian in the west. The Portuguese began trading with Timor c. 1520. In 1613 the Dutch settled at the island’s southwestern tip, and the Portuguese moved to the north and east. Treaties in 1860 and 1914 divided the island between them. Netherlands Timor (West Timor) was occupied by the Japanese in World War II; in 1950 the Dutch transferred it to Indonesia. East Timor was held by the Portuguese until 1975, when Indonesian troops invaded and annexed the area; it achieved full sover¬ eignty in 2002 (see East Timor).
timothy Perennial grass (Phleum pratense ) of the family Poaceae (or Gramineae), native to Europe and widely cultivated as a hay and pasture grass in North America. The stems grow in large clumps, are 1.5-3 ft (0.5-1 m) tall, and have swollen, bulblike bases. The flower clusters are long, dense, and cylindrical. Alpine, or mountain, timothy (P alpinum) is about half as tall and occurs in wet areas from Greenland to Alaska, and at high altitudes in many other parts of North America and Europe.
timpani \'tim-po-ne\ or kettledrums Large bowl-shaped drums with pedal mechanisms for altering their pitch by changing the membrane’s tension. The timpani are the princi¬ pal orchestral percussion instru¬ ments. Each drum usually has a range of a fifth; they are classically used in pairs. Until c. 1800 each drum was tuned to a single pitch (usually tonic or dominant) that could not be altered in performance.
Primitive kettledrums, or nakers, were played on horseback by Middle Eastern cavalry. In Europe they were primarily associated, in tandem with the trumpets, with court ceremony and the military. They entered the orchestra in the mid-17th century.
Timpanogos N.tim-po-'no-gosX Cave National Monument
Cave system, Utah, U.S. Located on the northwestern slope of Mount Timpanogos (11,750 ft [3,581 m]), the second highest peak of the Wasatch Mountains, it was estab¬ lished in 1922; it occupies 0.4 sq mi (1 sq km). It centres around a three-chambered limestone cave noted for its pink and white crystal-filigreed walls and tinted formations.
Timur \te-'mur\ or Tamerlane Vta-mor-.lanX or Tamburlaine (b. 1336, Kesh, near Samarkand, Transoxania—d. Feb. 19, 1405, Otrar, near
Chimkent) Turkic conqueror of Islamic faith whose conquests reached from India and Russia to the Mediterranean Sea. Timur took part in cam¬ paigns in Transoxania with Chagatai, a descendant of Genghis Khan. (Timur Lenk, or Tamerlane, means “Timur the Lame,” reflecting the battle wounds he received.) Through machinations and treachery he took over Transoxania and proclaimed himself the restorer of the Mongol empire. In the 1380s he began his conquest of Iran (Persia), taking Khorasan and east¬ ern Iran in 1383-85 and western Iran as far as Mesopotamia and Georgia in 1386-94. He occupied Moscow for a year. When revolts broke out in Iran, he ruthlessly suppressed them, massacring the populations of whole cities. In 1398 he invaded India, leaving a trail of carnage. Next he marched on Damascus and Baghdad, deporting the artisans of the former to Samarkand and destroying all the monuments of the latter. In 1404 he prepared to march on China but died early in the march. Although Timur strove to make Samarkand the most splendid city in Asia, he himself preferred to be always on the move. His most lasting memorials are the architectural monuments of Samarkand and the dynasty he established, under which Samarkand became a centre of scholarship and science.
tin Metallic chemical element, chemical symbol Sn, atomic number 50. It is a soft, silvery white metal with a bluish tinge, employed since antiquity in the traditional form of bronze, its alloy with copper. It occurs chiefly as the dioxide (stannic oxide, Sn0 2 ) in cassiterite. Since it is nontoxic, ductile, malleable, and easily worked, it is used to plate steel cans (“tin cans”) for use as food containers and to coat and plate other items. Pure tin is too weak to be used alone, but its many alloys include soft solder, pewter, bronze, and low-temperature casting alloys. It has valence 2 or 4 in compounds, including stannous chloride (used in tin galvanizing and manufacturing polymers and dyes), stannous oxide (used to make tin salts for chemical reagents and plating), stannous fluoride (used as an anticav¬ ity ingredient in toothpastes), stannic chloride (a stabilizer for perfumes and a source of other tin salts), and stannic oxide (a catalyst and a pol¬ ishing powder for steel). Tin bonds with carbon to form organotin com¬ pounds, used to stabilize PVC and in biocides and fungicides.