Tin Pan Alley Genre of U.S. popular music that arose in New York in the late 19th century. The name was coined by the songwriter Monroe Rosenfeld as the byname of the street on which the industry was based— 28th Street between Fifth Avenue and Broadway in the early 20th cen¬ tury, around Broadway and 32nd Street in the 1920s, and ultimately on Broadway between 42nd and 50th Streets. “Tin pan” referred to the sound of pianos furiously pounded by “song pluggers” demonstrating tunes to publishers. The genre comprised the commercial music of writers of bal¬ lads, dance music, and vaudeville songs, and its name eventually became synonymous with U.S. popular music. Its demise resulted from the rise of film, audio recording, radio, and TV, which created a demand for more and different kinds of music, and the growth of commercial songwriting centres in cities such as Hollywood and Nashville.
Tinbergen Vtin-.ber-konX, Jan (b. April 12, 1903, The Hague, Neth.—d. June 9, 1994, The Netherlands) Dutch economist noted for his development of econometric models. For 40 years (1933-73) he taught at The Netherlands School of Economics. As economic adviser to the League of Nations (1936-38), he studied the economic development of the U.S. from 1919 to 1932, work that provided a basis for his development of business cycle theory and methods of economic stabilization. In 1969 he shared with Ragnar Frisch the first Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. Nikolaas Tinbergen was his brother.
Tinbergen, Nikolaas (b. April 15, 1907, The Hague, Neth.—d. Dec. 21, 1988, Oxford, Eng.) Dutch-born British zoologist, a founder (with Konrad Lorenz) of the science of ethology. Brother of Jan Tinbergen, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Leiden and taught there until 1949, when he took a position at Oxford University. He emphasized the importance of both instinctive and learned behaviour to survival and used animal behaviour as a basis for speculation on human violence and aggres¬ sion. His observations of seagulls led to important generalizations on courtship and mating behaviour. From the 1970s he and his wife, Eliza¬ beth, studied human behavioral disorders, particularly autism. With Lorenz and Karl von Frisch he shared a Nobel Prize in 1973.
tincal See borax Ting Ling See Ding Ling
Tinguely \ta n -'gle\, Jean (b. May 22, 1925, Fribourg, Switz.—d. Aug. 30, 1991, Bern) Swiss sculptor and experimental artist. As a student of
Modern timpani with pedal-controlled tension
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tinplating ► Tiryns I 1913
painting and sculpture in Basel, he showed interest in movement as an artistic medium, and in 1953 he moved to Paris and began to construct sophisticated kinetic sculptures. He created a sensation when his self- destroying Homage to New York (1960) failed to self-destruct at the Museum of Modem Art, New York City; his Study for an End of the World (1961) detonated successfully. Tinguely’s art satirized the mindless over¬ production of material goods in advanced industrial society and expressed his conviction that the essence of both life and art consists of continuous change, movement, and instability.
tinplating Applying a coating of tin to thin steel sheet either by dipping in molten metal or by electrolytic deposition (electroplating); almost all tinplate is now produced by the latter process, in which the tin coating is applied without heat. Essentially a sandwich in which the core is strip steel, tinplate has the strength and formability of steel combined with the noncorrosive and nontoxic properties of tin, and additionally is easy to solder. It is used for containers for food and beverages, paints, oils, tobacco, and numerous other products, as well as in toys, baking equip¬ ment, and parts for radio and other electronic equipment. Modern mate¬ rials, including stainless steel and plastics, have replaced tinplate in many common applications.
Tintoretto orig. Jacopo Robusti (b. c. 1518, Venice, Republic of Venice—d. May 31, 1594, Venice) Italian painter. His father was a silk dyer ( tintore ); hence the nickname Tintoretto (“Little Dyer”). His early influences include Michelangelo and Titian. In Christ and the Adulteress (c. 1545) figures are set in vast spaces in fanciful perspectives, in dis¬ tinctly Mannerist style. In 1548 he became the centre of attention of art¬ ists and literary men in Venice with his St. Mark Freeing the Slave, so rich in structural elements of post-Michelangelo Roman art that it is sur¬ prising to learn that he had never visited Rome. By 1555 he was a famous and sought-after painter, with a style marked by quickness of execution, great vivacity of colour, a predilection for variegated perspective, and a dynamic conception of space. In his most important undertaking, the decoration of Venice’s Scuola Grande di San Rocco (1564-88), he exhib¬ ited his passionate style and profound religious faith. His technique and vision were wholly personal and constantly evolving. Historians of mod¬ ern art recognize him as the greatest representative of Mannerism, inter¬ preted in accordance with the great tradition of Venice.
Tipitaka See Tripitaka
Tippecanoe V.ti-po-ko-'nuV Battle of (Nov. 7, 1811) Victory by U.S. troops over the Shawnee. Gen. William H. Harrison led a U.S. force in pur¬ suit of the Shawnee to destroy an intertribal alliance promoted by Tecum- seh and his brother, The Prophet. At the Indian capital of Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe River in Indiana, the Indians attacked the troops but were repulsed. Both sides suffered equal losses, but the battle was considered a victory for Harrison and helped establish him as a national figure.
Tippett Vtip-atV Sir Michael (Kemp) (b. Jan. 2, 1905, London, Eng.—d. Jan. 8, 1998, London) British composer. Tippett studied compo¬ sition (1923-28) at the Royal College of Music. His early music was con¬ servative, but in the late 1930s he developed a personal, modernistic idiom that was marked by rhapsodic lyricism, intricate counterpoint, and poly¬ phonic rhythms that have a lilting, bounding quality. He devoted most of his energies to compositions with words (generally his own), including the cantatas A Child of Our Time (1941) and The Mask of Time (1984), and the operas The Midsummer Marriage (1952), King Priam (1961), The Knot Garden (1969), and The Ice Break (1976). Beginning with King Priam, his surging rhythms and lush harmonies gave way to a starker, more taut style. His instrumental works include symphonies and string quartets.
Tirane or Tirana \ti-'ra-no\ City (pop., 1999 est.: 279,000), capital of Albania. Founded in the early 17th century by a Turkish general, it gradu¬ ally became a trading centre at the junction of roads and caravan trails. It was named the capital of Albania in 1920. In World War II Tirane was occupied by Axis forces (1939—44). It is Albania’s largest city and main industrial and cultural centre, home to the national library and theatre and site of the University of Tirane (1957).
tire Rubber cushion that fits around a wheel and usually contains com¬ pressed air. Solid-rubber tires were used on road vehicles until they were replaced by air-filled pneumatic tires, which, although first patented by Robert Thomson (1822-1873) in 1845, came into common use only when John Dunlop (1840-1921) put them on bicycles in 1888 and the French manufacturer Michelin began to produce them for motor vehicles. The
tire consisted of an inner tube containing compressed air that was cov¬ ered by an outer rubber casing to provide traction. In the 1950s tubeless tires became standard on most automobiles. Improved tire construction produced the radial-ply tire.