Tito \'te-to\, Josip Broz orig. Josip Broz (b. May 7, 1892, Kum- rovec, near Zagreb, Croatia, Austria-Hungary—d. May 4, 1980, Lju¬ bljana, Yugos.) Yugoslav politician, premier (1945-53), and president (1953-80). Born to a peasant family, he fought in the Austro-Hungarian army in World War I and was captured by the Russians in 1915. While in Russia, he took part in the July Days demonstrations (1917) and joined the Bolsheviks. In 1920 he returned to Croatia, where he became a local leader of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. He rose in the party hierarchy, interrupted by a prison term (1928-34), to become its secretary-general in 1939. In World War II, Tito (a pseudonym he adopted about 1935) proved an effective leader of Yugoslav Partisans. As marshal from 1943, he strengthened communist control of Yugoslavia. As premier and presi¬ dent, he developed an independent form of socialist rule in defiance of the Soviet Union, pursued a policy of nonalignment, built ties with other nonaligned states, and improved relations with the Western powers. Within Yugoslavia, he established a system of “symmetrical federalism” (1974) that created equality among the six republics and Serbia’s autono¬ mous provinces (including Kosovo), while maintaining tight control to
prevent separatist movements. After his death, resentment of Serbian domination led gradually to a dissolution of the federal system.
Titograd See Podgorica
titration Ui-'tra-shonX Process of chemical analysis in which the quan¬ tity of some constituent of a dissolved sample is determined by adding an exactly measured quantity of another dissolved substance with which it reacts in a definite, known proportion. The solution of known concen¬ tration is gradually added to the unknown solution from a burette (a long measuring tube with a valve at the bottom) until the equivalence point (end point) is reached. The amount of the unknown substance can then be calculated. The equivalence point is determined by a detectable change, for instance, of colour in an indicator substance (e.g., litmus) or in an elec¬ trical property. Reactions used in titration include acid-base reactions, pre¬ cipitations (see solution), formation of complexes, and oxidation-reduction reactions. See also pH.
Titus in full Titus Vespasianus Augustus orig. Titus Flavius Vespasianus (b. Dec. 30, ad 39—d. Sept. 13, 81) Roman emperor (79-81). He commanded a Roman legion in Judaea under his father, Ves¬ pasian. After Vespasian became emperor (69), he gave Titus full command in Judaea, whereupon Titus captured and destroyed Jerusalem (70). He later took charge of the empire’s general military operations. As emperor he developed goodwill in Rome for his extravagant spending; his projects included the completion of the Colosseum. He died suddenly, probably from natural causes, though there were rumours that he was poisoned by Domitian.
Tiv People living along the Benue River in Nigeria. They number more than 2.5 million and speak a Benue-Congo language of the Niger-Congo family. The Tiv cultivate yams, millet, and sorghum. A family occupies a cluster of round huts; brothers usually live next to one another. Some Tiv have converted to Christianity, and a few have adopted Islam, but the tra¬ ditional religion based on a creator-god remains strong.
Tivoli \'te-vd-\e\ ancient T \bur Town (pop., 2001 prelim.: 46,364), Lazio, central Italy. The site has been occupied continuously since prehistoric times. Originally an independent member of the Latin League and a rival of nearby Rome, Tivoli came under Roman influence in the 4th century bc. It received Roman citizenship in 90 bc and attained prosperity as a summer resort under the early empire. Many wealthy Romans built vil¬ las and erected temples in the vicinity, and the buildings’ remains are among the most impressive to survive from antiquity. They include Hadri¬ an's Villa and the poet Horace’s Sabine farm. Tivoli is also the site of the Villa d’Este (begun ad 1550), with its magnificent gardens and unrivaled Renaissance fountains.
Tiwanaku \,te-a-wa-'na-ko\ or Tiwanacu Spanish Tiahuanaco
Major pre-Columbian Andean civilization known from the ruins of the same name near the southern shore of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia. The Tiwan¬ aku civilization spread throughout large areas of Bolivia and Peru and parts of Argentina and Chile. The main site’s earliest remains may date from c. 200 bc-c. ad 200 and its major buildings from c. ad 600 to c. 1000. Surviving artifacts include stelae, decorated pottery, and the famous Gateway of the Sun (Puerta del Sol), an ornamented doorway carved from a massive stone slab. Much of the culture’s success derived from its raised-field farming technique, in which elevated planting surfaces were separated by canals that retained the sun’s heat during the cold nights and kept the crops from freezing. Algae that grew in the canals was used for fertilizer. The Tiwanaku culture vanished by 1200.
tjurunga or churinga Uyu-'raq-goX In native Australian religion, a ritual object that is a representation or manifestation of a mythical being. They are symbols of communication between humans and the Dreaming. Most tjurunga are used in men’s secret and sacred rituals, though some small objects figure in women’s rituals and still smaller objects in men’s love magic. At initiation, a boy is introduced to the rituals and tjurunga of his local descent group. Later, he receives his own tjurunga, with which he has a personal bond. At a person’s death, the tjurunga is sometimes buried with the corpse.
tlachtli Vtlach-tle\ Ball court or field used for the ritual ball game ollama, played throughout pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Some myths mention the game as a symbolic contest between day and night deities. The object of the game, played in teams, was to use elbows, knees, and hips to drive the ball through the opponent’s goal. The game was accompanied by heavy betting. It was extremely violent, and severe injuries were frequent,
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
1916 I Tlaloc ► Tobit
despite the players’ protective clothing. Losing players were apparently sometimes sacrificed, and the ball may sometimes have consisted of a human head wrapped in latex.
Tlaloc Vtla-lokA Aztec rain god, highly revered and feared for his ability to bestow or withhold prosperity. Five of the 18 months of the ritual year were dedicated to him, and children were sacrificed to him during two of the months. He could send out rain, provoke drought and hunger, and cause lightning and hurricanes. Dropsy, leprosy, and rheumatism were said to be caused by Tlaloc and his fellow deities. Those who died of such illnesses, or who had been killed by lightning, were granted an eternal and blissful life in his paradise, Tlalocan.
Tlaxcala in full Tlaxcala de Xicohtencatl Town (pop., 2000: 73,213), capital of Tlaxcala state, Mexico. It is located in a mountainous region at the foot of La Malinche volcano. Settled by a Nahua people around the 14th century, it vied for power in the 15 th-16th century with the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City). Though the inhab¬ itants initially opposed HernAn Cortes, they later became his allies and aided him in his defeat of Azetec leader Montezuma II. It was a refuge for the Spaniards when they were driven out of Tenochtitlan in 1520. Cortes established the first Christian church (San Francisco) in the Americas there in 1521. The sanctuary of Our Lady of Ocotlan and archaeological ruins are nearby.
Tlaxcala \tla-'ska-la\ State (pop., 2000: 962,646), central Mexico. The smallest Mexican state, it consists largely of plateau and covers 1,551 sq mi (4,016 sq km); the capital is Tlaxcala town. It occupies roughly the same area as the Indian principality of Tlaxcala, which was the main Indian ally of Hernan Cortes in his conquest of Mexico. Almost exclu¬ sively agricultural, it produces cereals, raises both dairy cows and fight¬ ing bulls, and has numerous handicrafts, notably the weaving of serapes and woolen cloth.