European green tree frogs (Hyla arborea ).
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der, and long-legged and have suckerlike adhesive disks on the finger and toe tips. Some do not climb well and live in water, on land, or in a bur¬ row. Most species lay eggs in water. Young marsupial frogs (genus Gas- trotheca), of South America, develop in a brood pouch on the female’s back.
tree of heaven Rapid-growing tree ( Ailanthus altissima) in the quas¬ sia family (Simaroubaceae), native to China and widely naturalized else¬ where, with several known varieties. Because of its resistance to pollution, freedom from insect predation and disease, and ability to grow in almost any soil, the tree of heaven is planted as a yard and street tree in urban centres. It grows to 60 ft (18 m) or more, producing long, compound leaves that emit an unpleasant odour when bruised. Male trees bear flow¬ ers with unpleasant scents. Female trees produce winged fruits which are tannish orange when ripe.
Treitschke Vtrlch-koN, Heinrich von (b. Sept. 15, 1834, Dresden, Saxony—d. April 28, 1896, Berlin) German historian and political writer. Son of a Saxon general, Treitschke studied at Bonn and Leipzig and then taught history and politics at a number of German universities. A mem¬ ber of the Reichstag (1871-84), he advocated authoritarian rulers unchecked by a parliament and disparaged western European liberalism and American democracy. In 1886 he succeeded Leopold Ranke as official historiographer of Prussia. His major work is Treitschke’s History of Ger¬ many in the Nineteenth Century (1879-94).
Trek, Great See Great Trek
trematode See fluke
trench warfare Warfare in which the opposing sides attack, counter¬ attack, and defend from sets of trenches dug into the ground. It was developed by Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban in the 17th century for laying siege to fortresses. Its defensive use was first institutionalized as a tactic during the American Civil War. It reached its highest development in World War I. Little used in World War II, it reappeared in the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s. A typical construction consisted of two to four parallel trenches, each dug in a zigzag, protected by sandbags, and floored with wooden planks. The parallel trenches were connected by a series of com¬ munication trenches dug roughly perpendicular to them. The first row was fronted by barbed wire and contained machine-gun emplacements; the rear trenches housed most of the troops. Increased use of tanks marked the end of trench warfare, since tanks were invulnerable to the machine- gun and rifle fire used by entrenched soldiers.
Trent, Council of (1545-63) 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic church, which made sweeping reforms and laid down dogma clarifying nearly all doctrines contested by the Protestants. Convened by Pope Paul III at Trento in northern Italy, it served to revitalize Roman Catholicism in many parts of Europe. In its first period (1545—47) it accepted the Nicene Creed as the basis of Catholic faith, fixed the canon of the Old and New Testaments, set the number of sacraments at seven, and defined the nature and consequences of original sin; it also ruled against Martin Luther’s doctrine of justification by faith. In its second period (1551-52) it confirmed the doctrine of transubstantiation and issued decrees on episcopal jurisdiction and clerical discipline. In the final period (1562-63) it defined the mass as a true sacrifice and issued statements on several other doctrinal issues. By the end of the 16th century, many of the abuses that had motivated the Protestant Reformation had disappeared, and the church had reclaimed many of its European followers.
Trent, River River, central England. It rises in Staffordshire and flows northeast 168 mi (270 km) to unite with the River Ouse west of Hull to form the River Humber. It is navigable by barge for over half its length.
Trent Canal Canal, southeastern Ontario, Canada. Linking Lake Huron with Lake Ontario, the canal extends from the southeastern shore of Georgian Bay up the Severn River to Lake Simcoe, connects several lakes of the Kawartha Lake region to Rice Lake, and passes down the Trent River to the Bay of Quinte and Lake Ontario. Its 242-mi (389-km) main course consists of 33 mi (53 km) of man-made channels and 42 locks. Construction began in 1833. The waterway once served a busy lumber trade; it is now a popular tourist attraction.
Trentino-Alto Adige Vtren-'te-no-.al-to-'a-de-jaX/orm^r/y (until 1947) Venezia Tridentina Autonomous region (pop., 2001 prelim.: 937,107), northeastern Italy. Its capital is Trento. A mountainous area cov¬ ering 5,258 sq mi (13,618 sq km), Trentino-Alto Adige has some of the
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Trento ► trial by ordeal I 1935
highest peaks in Europe, cut through by passes into Switzerland and Aus¬ tria. Historically it included the medieval ecclesiastical principalities of Trento and Bressanone. Austria annexed it in 1815. It was the scene of much fighting during World War I, and it was ceded to Italy at the end of the war. The population is a mix of German speakers in the north and Italian speakers in the south; the regional parliament alternates German¬ speaking and Italian-speaking chairmen. The region grows grain and grapes, raises cattle, and mines zinc, lead, and other minerals. Tourism is a major industry.
Trento English Trent ancient Tridentum City (pop., 2001 prelim.: 104,844), capital of Trentino-Alto Adige region, on the Adige River in northern Italy. Reportedly founded by the Raetians c. 4th century bc, it later became a Roman colony on the road to the Brenner Pass in the Alps. In the Christian era Trento came under the Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Franks. It was the site of the Council of Trent (1545-63). It came under the Napoleonic kingdom of Italy in the early 19th century and passed to Austria in 1814 and to Italy in 1918. An agricultural market centre, it also has some light industry.
Trenton City (pop., 2000: 85,403), capital of New Jersey, U.S. It lies at the head of navigation on the Delaware River. Settled c. 1679 by English Quakers, it was incorporated in 1745. On Dec. 25, 1776, George Wash¬ ington led his army across the ice-choked Delaware River to attack Hes¬ sian troops quartered at Trenton (see battles of Trenton and Princeton). It served as temporary capital of the U.S. in 1784 and 1799 and was made the state capital in 1790. The completion of a canal and railroad line in the 1830s spurred Trenton’s industrial development, and it remains an industrial city.
Trenton and Princeton, Battles of (1776-77) Engagements won by the Continental Army in the American Revolution. Defeats in New York forced the army under George Washington to retreat through New Jersey into Pennsylvania. On Dec. 25, 1776, Washington led a force of 6,000 troops across the ice-filled Delaware River to surprise the 1,400-man British-Hessian force at Trenton, N.J., and captured 900 troops. A British force of 7,000 troops under Charles Cornwallis arrived to force the Ameri¬ can army into retreat. At night Washington led his men around the Brit¬ ish to defeat an outpost at Princeton, causing Cornwallis to retreat to New Brunswick and enabling Washington to lead his troops into winter quar¬ ters near Morristown. The victories restored American morale and renewed confidence in Washington.
trespass In law, unlawful entry onto land. Trespass was formerly defined as wrongful conduct causing injury or loss; today it is generally confined to issues involving real property (see real and personal property). Once a trespass is proved, the trespasser is usually held liable for any damages resulting, regardless of whether the trespasser was negligent or the damage was foreseeable. Criminal trespass, trespass to property that is forbidden by statute, is punishable as a crime.
Trevelyan Uri-'vel-yonX, G(eorge) M(acauley) (b. Feb. 16, 1876, Welcombe, Warwickshire, Eng.—d. July 21, 1962, Cambridge, Cam¬ bridgeshire) English historian. He is known for books accessible to gen¬ eral readers that often show an appreciation of the Whig tradition in English thought and reflect a keen interest in the Anglo-Saxon element in the English constitution. They include three on Giuseppe Garibaldi (1907, 1909, 1911), England in the Age of Wycliffe (1899), British History in the Nineteenth Century (1782-1901) (1922), History of England (1926), and The Seven Years of William IV (1952).