Tudor, Antony orig. William Cook (b. April 4, 1908, London, Eng.—d. April 20, 1987, New York, N.Y., U.S.) British-born U.S. dancer,
teacher, and choreographer. In 1927 he joined Marie Rambert’s company, where he choreographed and danced such works as The Planets (1934) and The Lilac Garden (1936). In 1940 he moved to New York City, join¬ ing the new Ballet Theatre (later American Ballet Theatre), for which he created many of his signature psychological ballets, including Pillar of Fire (1942) and Shadow of the Wind (1948). In these works he sought to convey emotional conflict and aspects of character and motivation. In 1974 he became associate director of American Ballet Theatre.
Tudor, Henry See Henry VII (England)
Tudor, house of English royal dynasty that gave five sovereigns to England (1485-1603). The Tudors originated in the 13th century, but the dynasty’s fortunes were established by Owen Tudor (c. 1400-61), a Welsh adventurer who took service with Henry V and married Henry’s widow, Catherine of Valois (1401-37). Owen and Catherine’s son Edmund Tudor (c. 1430-56) was created earl of Richmond and married Lady Margaret Beaufort (1443-1509), a descendant of John of Gaunt of the house of Lancaster. Their son Henry Tudor claimed the English throne as Henry VII in 1485 and cemented his claim with his marriage to Elizabeth of the house of York, daughter of Edward IV. The Tudor rose symbolized the union between the red rose of the Lancastrians and the white rose of the Yorkists. The Tudor dynasty continued in the 16th century with the reigns of Henry VIII and his children Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. In 1603 the dynasty was succeeded by the house of Stuart.
Tudor, Margaret See Margaret Tudor
Tudor, Mary See Mary I
Tudor style Architectural style in England (1485-1558) that made lav¬ ish use of half-timbering (see timber framing), as well as oriels, gables, decorative brickwork, and rich plasterwork. Exposed diagonal bracing usually occurs at building corners, with the second story often sporting a picturesque overhang; this cantilevered construction partially counterbal¬ ances the load carried by the spanning portions of the beams.
tuff Relatively soft, porous rock that is usually formed by the compac¬ tion and cementation of volcanic ash or dust. Tuff may vary greatly not only in texture but also in chemical and mineralogical composition. In some eruptions, foaming magma wells to the surface as an emulsion of hot gases and incandescent particles; the shredded pumice-like material spreads swiftly, even over gentle slopes, as a glowing avalanche (nuee ardente) that may move many miles at speeds of 100 mph (160 kph).
Tugela River \tu-'ga-b\ Principal river, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. It rises in the Mont-aux-Sources plateau and hurtles 3,110 ft (948 m) down a series of waterfalls to cut through Tugela Gorge. It ends its 312-mi (502-km) course at the Indian Ocean. It was the scene of battles in the South African War in 1899-1900. Historically, the Tugela marked the southern boundary of Zululand.
Tug well, Rexford G(uy) (b. July 10, 1891, Sinclairville, N.Y., U.S.—d. July 21, 1979, Santa Barbara, Calif.) U.S. economist. He joined the economics faculty of Columbia University in 1920, and in 1932 he became a member of the Brain Trust that advised Franklin D. Roosevelt. Appointed undersecretary of agriculture, he helped formulate farm policy and other New Deal economic reforms (1933-36). He chaired the New York City Planning Commission (1938-41), served as governor of Puerto Rico (1941^-6), and taught at the University of Chicago (1946-57).
Tuileries Palace Vtwe-b-,rez\ French royal residence, adjacent to the Louvre in Paris, destroyed by arson in 1871. The original palace, com¬ missioned by Catherine de Medicis, was begun in 1564 by Philibert Delorme (c. 1515-1570); the next 200 years saw numerous additions and alter¬ ations by Jean Bullant (15207-1578), Jacques du Cerceau (c. 1520-1585), Louis Le Vau (1612-1670), and others. The Tuileries Gardens have changed little since Andre Le Notre redesigned them in 1664. His design extended the central walkway beyond the gardens and out into the coun¬ tryside to the hilltop west of the palace, where the Arc de Triomphe now stands.
Tukhachevsky \,tuk-9-'chef-ske\, Mikhayl (Nikolayevich) (b.
Feb. 16, 1893, near Slednevo, Russia—d. June 11, 1937) Soviet Red Army officer. In the Russian Civil War, he commanded the recapture of Siberia from Aleksandr Kolchak and led the Cossack forces against Anton Deni¬ kin (1920). He thereafter played a leading role in military reform; from 1931 he directed the rearmament of the Soviet Union. He served as Soviet chief of staff (1925-28) and later as deputy commissar for defense (1931—
Barbara Tuchman.
©JERRY BAUER
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Tukulor ► tungsten I 1947
37); he was made a marshal of the Soviet Union in 1935. A victim of the purge trials in 1937, he was tried and executed with other top Red Army commanders. In 1988 he was cleared judicially and rehabilitated by offi¬ cial decree.
Tukulor \,tu-ku-'lsr\ Muslim people of Senegal and western Mali. Because of extended contacts with the Fulani, the Tukulor speak a dialect of Fula, an Atlantic language of the Niger-Congo family. In the 10th— 18th centuries they were dominated by a succession of non-Tukulor groups in the kingdom of Tekrur. About 1850 they established an empire and conquered the Bambara kingdoms of Kaarta and Segu and extended their empire to Timbuktu before it was destroyed by the French in 1890. Today the Tukulor raise livestock, fish, and cultivate millet and sorghum.
Tula Ancient city in Mexico, the capital of the Toltecs, which flourished in the 10th— 12th centuries. Its exact location is uncertain; the archaeo¬ logical site now designated Tula, near the town of that name in Hidalgo state, has been the choice of historians, but other scholars identify Tula with what is now usually called Teotihuacan. The Tula site suggests a city that had a population in the tens of thousands. The major civic centre con¬ sists of a plaza bordered by a five-stepped pyramid, two other pyramids, and two ball courts. Tula’s art and architecture are strikingly similar to those of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, and its artistic themes suggest that the Aztecs’ concept of themselves as warrior-priests of the sun god was borrowed directly from Tula.
tulip Any of almost 4,000 varieties of about 100 species of cultivated bulbous herbaceous plants making up the genus Tulipa in the lily family, native to Eurasia. Among the most popular of all garden flowers, the tulip produces two or three thick, bluish-green leaves clustered at the base of the plant. The usually solitary inverted bell-shaped flowers have three petals and three sepals. Colors range from white through yellows and reds to brown and deep purple to almost black. Streaked blossoms get their streaks from a harmless virus infection that causes the color to disappear in patterns, letting white or yellow show through.
tulip tree or tulip poplar or yellow poplar Lofty North Ameri¬ can ornamental and timber tree ( Liriodendron tulipifera) of the magnolia family, not related to true poplars. It occurs in mixed hardwood stands in eastern North America. It is taller than all other eastern broad-leaved trees (up to 197 ft, or 60 m), and its trunk often has a diameter greater than 7 ft (2 m). Long-stemmed, bright-green leaves have two to four side lobes and blunted tips. Yellowish-green tuliplike flowers have six petals, orange at their bases, and three bright-green sepals. Other characteristics include conelike clusters of winged fruits; aromatic, purplish-brown twigs; stun¬ ning golden-yellow autumn leaves; winter buds resembling a duck’s bill; and resistance to pests and diseases. The wood is used to manufacture furniture parts, plywood panels, paper, boxes, and crates.