Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Feb. 14-25, 1956) Meeting at which Nikita Khrushchev repudi¬ ated Joseph Stalin and Stalinism. Khrushchev’s secret speech denouncing the former Soviet leader was accompanied by his Report of the Central Committee to the Congress, which announced a new line in Soviet for¬ eign policy. He based his new policy on “the Leninist principle of coex¬ istence of states with different social systems.” Khrushchev also used the Congress to promote his loyal supporters to high party office and to take control of the party from the Stalinist old guard.
twenty-one See blackjack
twill One of the three basic textile weaves (see weaving), distinguished by diagonal lines. In the simplest twill, the weft crosses over two warp yarns, then under one, the sequence being repeated in each succeeding shot (row), but stepped over, one warp either to the left or right. In regu¬ lar twill, the diagonal line is repeated regularly, usually running upward from left to right at 45°. The weave can be varied in many ways—for example, by changing the direction of the twill line (as in herringbone twill) or its angle. Twill is much used for men’s wear and many other clothing applications because it has stretch on both diagonals, which makes clothes comfortable even if closely fitted. Denim and many tweeds are of twill weave.
Twining, Nathan F(arragut) (b. Oct. 11, 1897, Monroe, Wis., U.S.—d. March 29, 1982, Lackland Air Force Base, near San Antonio, Texas) U.S. air force officer. He graduated from West Point and served as an army pilot from 1924. In World War II he commanded the air force in the South Pacific and directed the air war against Japan in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea (1943) and Japan (1945). In 1944-45 he led the strategic bombing campaign against Germany and the Balkans. He later became chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force (1953—57) and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1957-60).
Two Sicilies See Two Sicilies
Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the Former kingdom, Italy. It united the southern part of the Italian peninsula with the island of Sicily. The region was conquered by the Normans in the 11th century; the two areas were divided in 1282 between the Angevin (French) dynasty on the mainland and the Aragonese (Spanish) dynasty on the island, both of which claimed the title of King of Sicily. In 1442 Alfonso V of Aragon reunited the two areas and took the title of King of the Two Sicilies. This title was sometimes used during the Spanish and Bourbon rule of the region in the 16th-19th centuries; it became official in 1816, when the administration of both areas was combined and Sicily lost its autonomy. Conquered by Giuseppe de Garibaldi in 1860, the Two Sicilies became part of the Kingdom of Italy.
Tycho Brahe See Tycho Brahe
Tyler, Anne (b. Oct. 25, 1941, Minneapolis, Minn., U.S.) U.S. writer. Tyler worked as a bibliographer and librarian before settling in Baltimore
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
1956 I Tyler ► typhus
in 1967 and beginning to write full-time. Her novels, comedies of man¬ ner marked by compassionate wit and precise details of domestic life, include Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant (1982), The Accidental Tour¬ ist (1985; film, 1988), Breathing Lessons (1988, Pulitzer Prize), and A Patchwork Planet (1998). Several focus on eccentric middle-class people living in chaotic, disunited families in Baltimore.
Tyler, John (b. March 29, 1790, Charles City county, Va., U.S.—d. Jan. 18, 1862, Richmond, Va.) 10th president of the U.S. (1841—45). He prac¬ ticed law before serving in the Virginia legislature (1811-16, 1823-25, 1839) and as governor of Virginia (1825-27). In the U.S. House of Rep¬ resentatives (1817-21) and Senate (1827-36), he was a supporter of states' rights. Though a slaveholder, he sought to prohibit the slave trade in the District of Columbia, provided Maryland and Virginia concurred. He resigned from the Senate rather than acquiesce to state instructions to change his vote on a censure of Pres. Andrew Jackson. After breaking with the Democratic Party, he was nominated by the Whig Party for vice presi¬ dent under William H. Harrison. They won the 1840 election, carefully avoiding the issues and stressing party loyalty and the slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler too!” Harrison died a month after taking office, and Tyler became the first to attain the presidency “by accident.” He vetoed a national bank bill supported by the Whigs, and all but one member of the cabinet resigned, leaving him without party support. Nonetheless, he reorganized the navy, settled the second of the Seminole Wars in Florida, and oversaw the annexation of Texas. He was nominated for reelection but withdrew in favour of James K. Polk and retired to his Virginia plantation. Committed to states’ rights but opposed to secession, he organized the Washington Peace Conference (1861) to resolve sectional differences. When the Senate rejected a proposed compromise, Tyler urged Virginia to secede.
Tyler, Wat See Peasants' Revolt
Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett (b. Oct. 2, 1832, London, Eng.—d. Jan. 2, 1917, Wellington, Somerset) British anthropologist, often called the founder of cultural anthropology. He taught at Oxford University (1884—
1909), where he became the first pro¬ fessor of anthropology. His Primitive Culture, 2 vol. (1871), influenced by Charles Darwin, developed the theory of an evolutionary relationship between what he called primitive and modern cultures, stressing the cul¬ tural achievements that marked the progression of all humanity from a “savage” to a “civilized” state. At a time when there was still controversy over whether all human races belonged to a single species, Tylor was a powerful advocate of the unity of all humankind. He was instrumen¬ tal in establishing anthropology as an academic discipline. See also ani¬ mism; SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION.
Tyne, River River, Northumber- _
LAND, northern England. Formed by
the confluence of the North Tyne and the South Tyne, it flows east into the North Sea. The Tyne is 62 mi (100 km) long. It has shipped coal for at least six centuries. Its estuary is now lined with industry and large urban communities.
Tylor, detail of a chalk drawing by G. Bonavia; in the National Portrait Gal¬ lery, London
Tyne and Wear \ , tln... , wir\ Metropolitan county (pop., 2001: 1,075,979), northeastern England. It was named for its two main rivers, the Tyne and the Wear. Settled since prehistoric times, the area was occu¬ pied by the Romans, who built Hadrian's Wall. Saxon, then Norman settle¬ ment followed. From the 13th century to recent times, the economy was based on local coal reserves and on such coal-dependent industries as glass, pottery, and chemicals. The main industries now include shipbuild¬ ing and heavy electrical engineering.
typeface See font
types, theory of In logic, a theory introduced by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead in their Principia Mathematica (1910-13) to deal with logical paradoxes arising from the unrestricted use of propositional
functions as variables. The type of a propositional function is determined by the number and type of its arguments (the distinct variables it con¬ tains). By not allowing propositional functions to be applied to arguments of equal or higher type, contradictions within the system are avoided.
typesetting Setting of type for use in any of various printing processes. Type for printing, using woodblocks, was invented in China in the 11th century, and movable type using metal molds had appeared in Korea by the 13th century. It was reinvented in Europe in the 1450s by Johannes Gutenberg. For much of its history, typesetting and printing were often performed by the same person, who arranged movable type, one charac¬ ter at a time, in rows corresponding to the individual lines in the publi¬ cation and operated the hand press to imprint the image on paper. Typesetting was revolutionized in the 1880s with the invention of the “hot-metal” processes: Linotype (1884), in which the lines of type were assembled by use of a typewriter-like keyboard and each line was cast as a single slug of molten metal, and Monotype (1887), which also used a keyboard but cast each character separately. Photocomposition—the com¬ position of text directly on film or photosensitive paper using a rotating drum or disk with cutout type characters through which light could be directed onto the receiving surface—appeared in the early 20th century. By the late 20th century, computers and publishing software generated characters and handled most hyphenation, layout, and other page-makeup decisions, with the resulting electronic file, including any graphics, passed to a laser printer for paper or film reproduction.