warbler Any songbird of almost 350 Old World species (family Sylvi- idae) or about 120 New World species (family Parulidae, see wood war¬ bler). Old World warblers, found in gardens, woodlands, and marshes, have a slender bill adapted for gleaning insects from foliage. They occur mainly from Europe and Asia to Africa and Australia, but a few (e.g., the gnatcatcher) live in the Americas. They are drab greenish, brownish, or black and 3.5-10 in. (9-26 cm) long. See also blackcap, blackpoll warbler,
GNATCATCHER, WOOD WARBLER.
Warburg \'var-,burk,\ English Vwor-.borgV Otto (Heinrich) (b. Oct. 8, 1883, Freiburg im Breisgau, Ger.—d. Aug. 1, 1970, West Berlin, W.Ger.) German biochemist. In the 1920s, after earning doctorates in chemistry and medicine, he investigated the process by which oxygen is consumed in the cells of living organisms, introducing the technique of measuring changes in gas pressure for studying the rates at which slices of living tissue take up oxygen. His search for the cell components involved in oxygen consumption led to identification of the role of the cytochromes. He was awarded a 1931 Nobel Prize for his research. He was the first to observe that the growth of cancer cells requires much less oxygen than that of normal cells.
Warburg family orig. Del Banco family Family of eminent bank¬ ers, philanthropists, and scholars. A Jewish family apparently of Italian origin, they settled in the German town of Warburgum in 1559, and branches subsequently settled in Scandinavia, the U.S., and Britain.
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Male wapiti (Cervus canadensis).
ALAN CAREY
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Ward ► Warren I 2029
Simon Elias Warburg (1760-1828) founded the first Jewish community in Sweden. Among the family’s bankers were Moses Marcus Warburg (d. 1830) and his brother Gerson (d. 1825), who founded the Hamburg bank of M.M. Warburg & Co. (1798), and James Paul Warburg (1896-1969), a member of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Brain Trust. The family’s schol¬ ars included Nobel Prize-winning biochemist Otto Warburg. Among the U.S. philanthropists were Frieda Schiff Warburg (1876-1958) and her sons, patrons of art and music.
Ward, Barbara (Mary), Baroness Jackson (of Lodsworth)
(b. May 23, 1914, York, Eng.—d. May 31, 1981, Lodsworth) British economist and writer. After studying economics at the University of Oxford, she became a writer and editor at The Economist (from 1939). She married Robert Jackson in 1950. She was an influential adviser to the Vatican, the UN, and the World Bank, and she wrote numerous articles and books on the worldwide threat from poverty among less-developed countries (she advocated the transfer of wealth from rich to poor coun¬ tries) and the importance of conservation; her books, which reached a wide audience, included The Rich Nations and the Poor Nations (1962), Spaceship Earth (1966), Only One Earth (with Rene Dubos, 1972), and Progress for a Small Planet (1980).
warfare See air warfare, amphibious warfare, biological warfare, chemi¬ cal WARFARE, ECONOMIC WARFARE, HOLY WAR, NAVAL WARFARE, PSYCHOLOGICAL WAR¬ FARE, TOTAL WAR, TRENCH WARFARE
warfarin Vwor-fo-ronX Anticoagulant drug, marketed as Coumadin. Originally developed to treat thromboembolism (see thrombosis), it inter¬ feres with the liver’s metabolism of vitamin K, leading to production of defective coagulation factors. Warfarin therapy risks uncontrollable hem¬ orrhage, either spontaneously or from any cut or bruise; it requires fre¬ quent checks to maintain the proper level in the blood. In high concentrations, warfarin is used as a rodent poison, causing death by internal bleeding.
Warfield, Paul (b. Nov. 28, 1942, Warren, Ohio, U.S.) U.S. football player. He compiled an outstanding record at Ohio State University. As a wide receiver for the Cleveland Browns (1964-69, 1976-77), he helped lead them to four league championship games. With the Miami Dolphins (1970-74) he played in three Super Bowl games (1972-74). In his 13-year career he caught 427 passes for 8,565 yd, averaging a near-record 20.1 yd per catch.
Warhol, Andy orig. Andrew Warhola (b. Aug. 6, 19287, Pitts¬ burgh?, Pa., U.S.—d. Feb. 22, 1987, New York, N.Y.) U.S. artist and filmmaker. The son of Czech immigrants, Warhol graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, in 1949. He then went to New York City, where he worked as a commercial illustrator. Warhol began painting in the late 1950s and received sudden notoriety in 1962, when he exhibited paintings of Campbell’s soup cans, Coca-Cola bottles, and wooden replicas of Brillo soap-pad boxes. By 1963 he was mass- producing these purposely banal images of consumer goods by means of photographic silk screen prints; he then began printing endless variations of portraits of celebrities in garish colours. The silk screen technique was ideally suited to Warhol, for the repeated image was reduced to a dehu¬ manized cultural icon that reflected both the supposed emptiness of American material culture and the artist’s emotional distance from the practice of his art. Warhol’s work placed him in the forefront of the emerging Pop art movement in the United States. As the 1960s progressed, Warhol devoted more of his energy to filmmaking. His “underground” films are known for their inventive eroticism, plotless boredom, and inor¬ dinate length (up to 25 hours). Throughout the 1970s and until his death he continued to produce prints depicting political and Hollywood celeb¬ rities, and he involved himself in a wide range of advertising illustrations and other commercial art projects. He was one of the most famous and important American cultural figures of the late 20th century, and the effects of his conceptions of art and celebrity continue to be felt.
warlord In China, an independent military commander in the early 20th century. Warlords, supported by provincial military interests or foreign powers, ruled various parts of China following the death of Yuan Shikai, first president of the Republic of China. In southeastern China Sun Yat- sen and the Nationalist Party gained the backing of a warlord based in Guangzhou (Canton). In northern China three leading warlords emerged: Zhang Zuolin, a Japanese-backed bandit in Manchuria; Wu Peifu, a tra¬ ditionally educated officer in central China; and Feng Yuxiang, who seized Beijing in 1924. The Nationalist Party consolidated its control in the south
and, under Chiang Kai-shek, swept northward, reuniting the country in 1928. Numerous local warlords continued to exert de facto power over their own domains until the Japanese invasion during what became World War II. See also Northern Expedition.
Warner, Pop orig. Glenn Scobey Warner (b. April 5, 1871, Springfield, N.Y., U.S.—d. Sept. 7, 1954, Palo Alto, Calif.) U.S. college football coach. At the Carlisle (Pa.) Indian School (1898-1904, 1906-15), he coached Jim Thorpe, one of football’s greatest players. He also coached at the University of Pittsburgh (1915-23) and Stanford University (1924- 32). Warner perfected the single- and double-wing formations (now rarely used); these and other innovations helped refine the modem game. In 46 seasons (1895-1940) his teams won 312 games, lost 104, and tied 32.
Warner, W(illiam) Lloyd (b. Oct. 26, 1898, Redlands, Calif., U.S.—d. May 23, 1970, Chicago, Ill.) U.S. sociologist and anthropolo¬ gist. He studied with Alfred L. Kroeber and A.R. Radcliffe-Brown and later taught at the universities of Chicago and Michigan. His studies of the American class system have been widely influential. In the late 1930s he produced a five-volume study of Newburyport, Mass.; his other books include A Black Civilization (1937), The Social Life of a Modern Com¬ munity (1941), and The Living and the Dead (1959).
Warner Bros. Inc. U.S. film studio. Beginning in Pennsylvania as movie distributors and theatre owners in 1903, the four Warner brothers started producing their own films in 1913 and moved to Hollywood in 1917. They founded Warner Brothers Pictures Inc. in 1923, with Harry Warner (b. 1881—d. 1958) as president in New York, Albert Warner (b. 1884—d. 1967) as treasurer, and Sam Warner (b. 1888—d. 1927) and Jack Warner (b. 1892—d. 1978) as studio managers in Hollywood. In the mid 1920s they helped develop the important Vitaphone sound process. With the release of The Jazz Singer (1927), the first feature film with synchro¬ nized music and dialogue, the studio’s success was assured. Warner Broth¬ ers went on to produce gangster films starring James Cagney and Edward G. Robinson, adventure movies with Errol Flynn, and mystery dramas with FIumphrey Bogart. After his brothers retired, Jack became president (1956- 72). See also AOL Time Warner Inc.