242 I Bohemian school ► Boise
Bohemian school School of visual arts that flourished in and around Prague in the later 14th century.
Charles IV attracted artists and schol¬ ars to Prague from all over Europe.
French and Italian manuscripts inspired a local school of book illu¬ mination. Though most of the paint¬ ers are anonymous, their achievements in panel painting and fresco had an important influence on German Gothic art. A vital Bohe¬ mian tradition in architecture pro¬ vided the impetus for the great German Gothic architecture of the 15 th century.
Bohemond Vbo-o-mondV I orig.
Marc (b. 1050-58—d. March 5 or 7, 1109, probably Bari) Prince of Otranto (1089-1109) and of Antioch (1098-1101, 1103-4). The son of a duke who held sway in southeastern Italy, he was nicknamed after a leg¬ endary giant. He joined his father’s army and contested with Alexius I Comnenus for territory in the Byzan¬ tine Empire. In 1095 he joined the First Crusade, reconquering Byzantine lands from the Turks and captur¬ ing Antioch (1098). Rather than taking part in the battle to gain Jerusa¬ lem, Bohemond remained in Antioch, which he ruled as a principality. His efforts to muster French and Italian support against Alexius and the Byzantine Empire were ultimately unsuccessful.
B6hm\'bcem\, Karl (b. Aug. 28, 1894, Graz, Austria—d. Aug. 14,1981, Salzburg) Austrian conductor. Having risen from rehearsal pianist to chief conductor at the Graz Opera House, he was invited to conduct at the Munich Opera in 1921. As director of the Dresden State Opera (1934-42), he conducted numerous premieres. He had a long association with the Salzburg Festival (from 1938) and was especially admired for his interpre¬ tations of the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His recordings and per¬ formances elicited admirable qualities of warmth, subtlety, and lyricism.
Bohme Vbce-maV Jakob (b. 1575, Altseidenberg, Saxony—d. Nov. 21, 1624, Gorlitz) German philosophical mystic. Originally a cobbler, Bohme had a religious experience in 1600 that he felt gave him insight into how the tensions of his age could be resolved. He expounded this insight in his work Aurora (1612). The writings of Paracelsus inspired his interest in nature mysticism. In The Great Mystery (1623), he explained the Genesis account of creation in terms of Paracelsian principles. In On the Election of Grace, he expounded the free will problem, made acute at the time by the spread of Calvinism and its doctrine of predestination. He profoundly influenced later intellectual movements such as idealism and Romanticism, and he is regarded as the father of theosophy.
Bohol \b6-'hol\ Island (pop., 2000: 1,137,268), Philippines. Located in the Visayan group north of Mindanao, it has an area of 1,492 sq mi (3,864 sq km). Visited by the Spanish in 1565, it remained under their rule until the late 19th century. Its character is essentially rural and its economy agricultural. The chief settlements, including Loon and Talibon, are on the coast.
Bohr \'bor\, Niels (Henrik David) (b. Oct. 7, 1885, Copenhagen, Den.—d. Nov. 18, 1962, Copenhagen) Danish physicist. He studied the structure of the atom with J J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford at the uni¬ versities of Cambridge and Manchester. He was among the first to see the importance of an element’s atomic number and postulated that any atom could exist only in a discrete set of states characterized by definite val¬ ues of energy. He became the first to apply the quantum theory to atomic and molecular structure, and his concept of the atomic nucleus was a key step in understanding such processes as nuclear fission. From 1920 to 1962 he directed the newly created Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copen¬ hagen. His work on atomic theory won him a Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922. He was president of the Royal Danish Academy from 1939 until his death. Though he contributed to atomic bomb research in the U.S. during World War II, he later dedicated himself to the cause of arms con¬ trol. He received the first U.S. Atoms for Peace Award in 1957. Element
107, bohrium, is named in his honour. His son Aage Niels Bohr (b. 1922) shared the 1975 Nobel Prize for Physics with Ben Mottelson (b. 1926) and James Rainwater (1917-86) for their work on atomic nuclei.
Boieldieu \bo-yel-'dyce\, (Francois-) Adrien (b. Dec. 16, 1775, Rouen, France—d. Oct. 8, 1834, Jarsy) French composer. Well known as a concert pianist, he taught piano at the Paris Conservatoire from 1798. His early operas comiques won popularity in Paris, and he wrote several more operas as director of the French Opera in St. Petersburg (1804-10). Of his approximately 40 operas (including many one-act works), the most popular were Le Calife de Bagdad (1800), Le Petit Chaperon rouge (1818), and La Dame blanche (1825). He was France’s leading opera composer of the early 19th century, but his achievements were increas¬ ingly overshadowed by those of Gioacchino Rossini.
Boigny, Felix Houphouet- See Felix Houphouet-Boigny
boil or furuncle Vfyur-.oq-koL or furunculosis Inflamed pus-filled swelling due to staphylococcus skin infection at a hair follicle. It is pain¬ ful and feels hard. Boils usually occur in hairy areas exposed to friction and maceration. Scratching an existing skin disorder may introduce sta¬ phylococci on the skin into hair follicles and cause a boil to arise. A car¬ buncle occurs when several adjoining boils merge. Healing requires discharging the pus. Treatment involves antibiotics.
Boileau \bwa-'lo\ (-Despreaux), Nicolas (b. Nov. 1, 1636, Paris, France—d. March 13, 1711, Paris) French poet and literary critic. His L’Art poetique (1674), a didactic treatise in verse setting out rules of composition of poetry in the classical tradition, provides valuable insight into the literary controversies of the period. He also translated the clas¬ sical treatise On the Sublime, attributed to Longinus, which ironically became a key source of the aesthetics of Romanticism. His works upheld classical standards in both French and English literature.
boiler Apparatus for converting a liquid to vapour. A boiler consists of a furnace in which fuel is burned, surfaces to transmit heat from the com¬ bustion products to the water (or other liquid), and a space where steam (or vapour) can form and collect. A conventional boiler burns a fossil fuel or waste fuel; a nuclear reactor may instead supply the heat. There are two types of conventional steam boiler. In a fire-tube boiler, the water surrounds the steel tubes through which hot gases from the furnace flow; easy to install and operate, fire-tube boilers are widely used to heat build¬ ings and to provide power for factory processes, as well as in steam loco¬ motives. In a water-tube boiler, the water is inside tubes, with the hot furnace gases circulating outside the tubes; water-tube boilers, which pro¬ duce more and hotter steam, are used in ships and factories. The largest are found in the central-station power plants of public utilities; other large units are used in steel mills, paper mills, oil refineries, and chemical plants. See also steam engine.
boiling Cooking of food by immersion in water, stock, or other liquid heated to its boiling point. Boiling is used to cook meats, vegetables, and some grain foods (pasta, for example). Scalding, accomplished by heat¬ ing to about 185 °F (85 °C), is commonly used to prepare milk to be used as an ingredient in various dishes. At just above the scalding temperature, fish and eggs may be poached. At the simmering point, just below that of boiling, soups, stews, and pot roasts may be prepared. Many foods, espe¬ cially vegetables, are steamed in a rack placed above boiling water.
boiling point Temperature at which a liquid is converted to vapour when heated. At the boiling point, addition of heat results in the transfor¬ mation of the liquid into its vapour without an increase in temperature. A liquid’s boiling point varies according to the liquid’s characteristics and the applied pressure. Water at standard atmospheric pressure, or sea level, boils at 212 °F (100 °C), while ethanol boils at about 172 °F (78 °C). At higher altitudes, boiling points are lower and foods can take longer to cook; pressure cookers can be used to increase the pressure so that the boiling point is raised.