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244 I Boll ► Bolshoi Ballet
America’s poorest countries, Bolivia was plagued by governmental instability for much of the 20th century. Social and eco¬ nomic tension continued in the early 21st century, fueled by resistance to govern¬ ment efforts to eradicate the growth of coca (from which the narcotic cocaine is derived), by unrest among Bolivia’s Indians, and by disagree¬ ments over how to exploit the country’s vast natural gas reserves.
Boll VbcelX, Heinrich (Theodor) (b. Dec. 21, 1917, Cologne, Ger.—d. July 16, 1985, near Bonn, W.Ger.) German writer. As a soldier in World War II he fought on several fronts, a central experience in the develop¬ ment of his antiwar, nonconformist views. His ironic novels on the tra¬ vails of German life during and after the war captured the changing psychology of the German nation. He became a leading voice of the Ger¬ man left. Among his works are Acquainted with the Night (1953), Bil¬ liards at Half-Past Nine (1959), The Clown (1963), Group Portrait with Lady (1971), and The Lost Honor ofKatharina Blum (1974). He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1972.
boll weevil Vbol-'we-volV Small beetle ( Anthonomus grandis) found almost everywhere cotton is culti¬ vated. It is the most serious cotton pest in North America. Adults vary in size according to how much food they received as larvae, but they average about 0.25 in. (6 mm) long, including the long, curved snout. In the spring adults deposit eggs in cot¬ ton buds or fruit. After hatching, the larvae live within the cotton boll, destroying the seeds and surrounding fibres. Because the larvae and pupae remain inside the cotton bolls, they cannot be killed with insecticides.
The boll weevil destroys an estimated three to five million bales of cot¬ ton annually.
bollworm Vbol-.wormX Any larva of various moth species, including the pink bollworm (family Gelechiidae) and some Heliothis species (fam¬ ily Noctuidae; see corn earworm). Bollworms attack com, tomatoes, cot¬ ton, peas, alfalfa, beans, soybeans, flax, peanuts, and other commercial crops. They can be controlled by natural parasites, early crop planting, trap crops, and insecticides.
Bollywood Indian moviemaking industry that began in Bombay (now Mumbai) in the 1930s and developed into an enormous film empire. Bom¬
Boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis)
HARRY ROGERS
bay Talkies, launched in 1934 by Himansu Rai, spearheaded the growth of Indian cinema. Throughout the years, several classic genres emerged from Bollywood: the historical epic, notably Mughal-e-azam (1960; “The Great Mughal”); the curry western, such as Sholay (1975; “The Embers”); the courtesan film, such as Pakeezah (1972; “Pure Heart”), which high¬ lights stunning cinematography and sensual dance choreography; and the mythological movie, represented by Jai Santoshi Maa (1975; “Hail San- toshi Maa”). Star actors, rather than the films themselves, have accounted for most box-office success. Standard features of Bollywood films include formulaic story lines, expertly choreographed fight scenes, spectacular song-and-dance routines, emotion-charged melodrama, and larger-than- life heroes. At the beginning of the 21st century, Bollywood produced as many as 1,000 feature films annually, and international audiences began to develop among Asians in the U.K. and the U.S.
Bologna \bo-'lo-ny9\ City (pop., 2004 est.: 373,539), capital of Emilia- Romagna region, northern Italy. Located north of Florence, it lies at the northern foot of the Apennines. Originally the Etruscan town of Felsina, it became a Roman military colony c. 190 bc. It was subject to the Byz¬ antine exarchate of Ravenna from the 6th century ad. It became a free commune in the 12th century. Incorporated into the Papal States in 1506, it was the scene of the crowning of Charles V in 1530. After a brief period of French occupation, it was restored to the Papal States in 1815, and in 1860 it was united to the Kingdom of Italy. The University of Bologna is among Europe’s oldest. The city is a road and rail centre for traffic between northern and southern Italy. It is the site of excellent medieval and Renaissance architecture and is famous for its cuisine. Locally, it was governed by leftists in the second half of the 20th century.
Bologna, Giovanni da See Giambologna
Bologna, University of Oldest university in Europe, founded in Bologna, Italy, in 1088. It became in the 12th—13th centuries the princi¬ pal centre for studies in civil and canon law, and it served as a model for the organization of universities throughout Europe. Its faculties of medi¬ cine and philosophy were formed c. 1200. The faculty of science was developed in the 17th century. In the 18th century women were admitted as students and teachers. The modern university includes faculties of law, political science, economics, letters and philosophy, natural sciences, agri¬ culture, medicine, and engineering.
Bolognese school V.bo-lo-'nez, .bo-lo-'nyezN Works produced and theories expounded by the Academy of the Progressives, founded in Bolo¬ gna c. 1582 by Lodovico, Agostino, and Annibale Carracci. In reaction against Mannerism, they advocated drawing directly from life. Among their leading students were Domenichino and Guido Reni. Their clear, simple pictures accorded well with the artistic demands of the Counter- Reformation, which wanted works of art to be immediately comprehen¬ sible. What began as a regional movement became one of the most influential forces in 17th-century art.
Bolshevik \ , bol-sho- l vik\ (Russian: “member of the majority”) Member of the wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party led by Vladimir Ilich Lenin that seized control in the Russian Revolution of 1917. The group arose in 1903 when Lenin’s followers insisted that party membership be restricted to professional or full-time revolutionaries. Though they joined with their rivals, the Mensheviks (“members of the minority”), in the Rus¬ sian Revolution of 1905, the two groups later split, and in 1912 Lenin formed his own party. Its appeal grew among urban workers and soldiers during World War I. The Bolshevik consolidation of power after 1917 became one prototype of totalitarianism; the other was fascism of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. See also Communist Party, Leninism.
Bolshoi Theatre complex in Moscow where concerts, opera, ballet, and dramatic works are presented. The institution (whose name means “Large”) dates back to 1776, when Catherine II licensed a company to give all theatrical performances in Moscow; its scope soon expanded to include opera and dance as well as drama. The original complex was built in 1825; it was rebuilt after a fire in 1853. The performing companies have changed over time, but the institution and the rebuilt edifice have survived.