Bonaparte, Joseph (b. Jan. 7, 1768, Corte, Corsica—d. July 28, 1844, Florence, Tuscany, Italy) French lawyer, diplomat, and soldier. Elder brother of Napoleon, he served during Napoleon’s reign as king of Naples (1806-08), where he abolished feudalism, reformed the monastic orders, and reorganized the judicial, financial, and educational systems. He was named king of Spain in 1808, but his attempts at reform there were less successful. In 1813 he abdicated and returned to France. After Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo, Joseph lived in the U.S. (1815-32) and later settled in Italy.
Bonaparte, Louis (b. Sept. 2, 1778, Ajaccio, Corsica—d. July 25, 1846, Livorno, Italy) French nobleman and soldier. A brother of Napoleon, he accompanied Napoleon on the Italian campaign of 1796-97 and was his aide-de-camp in Egypt (1798-99). At Napoleon’s insistence, he mar¬ ried Hortense de Beauharnais in 1802, but the union proved unhappy and did not last. Proclaimed king of Holland in 1806, he was criticized by Napoleon for being too easy on his subjects. His unwillingness to join the Continental System led him into conflict with Napoleon, and in 1810 he fled his kingdom and eventually settled in Italy. Napoleon III was his son.
Bonaparte, Lucien (b. May 21, 1775, Ajaccio, Corsica—d. June 29, 1840, Viterbo, Italy) French nobleman and politician. A brother of Napo¬ leon, he became president of the Council of Five Hundred, and he helped Napoleon seize power in the Coup of 18-19 Brumaire. Lucien’ s belief that Napoleon’s ambition jeopardized the cause of democracy led to strained
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relations between the brothers. However, he offered Napoleon help dur¬ ing the Hundred Days and was the last to defend Napoleon’s prerogatives at the time of his second abdication, after which he lived in Italy.
Bonaparte, (Marie-) Pauline (b. Oct. 20, 1780, Ajaccio, Corsica—d. June 9, 1825, Florence) French noblewoman. A sister of Napoleon, in 1797 she married one of his staff officers, Gen. C.V.E. Leclerc (1772-1802). After Leclerc’s death, she married Prince Camillo F.L. Borghese (1803) and went with him to Rome. She soon tired of him and returned to Paris, where her behaviour caused some scandal. In 1806 she received the title of duchess of Guastalla. She died of cancer in Flo¬ rence.
Bonaventure N.ba-no-'ven-chsrV Saint (b. 1217, Bagnoregio, Papal States—d. July 15, 1274, Lyon; canonized April 14, 1482; feast day July 15) Italian medieval theologian, cardinal, and minister general of the Fran¬ ciscans. The son of a physician from near Viterbo, he recovered from a near-fatal childhood illness through the intercession of St. Francis of Assisi. After study at the University of Paris, he entered the Franciscan order in 1244. In 1254 he assumed control of the Franciscan school in Paris. He defended the mendicants against the charge that they defamed the Gos¬ pels by begging for alms. Elected Franciscan minister-general in 1257, he healed an incipient rift between those who favoured a rigorous approach to poverty and those favouring a looser regimen, and he wrote a new life of St. Francis. His theological works include a commentary on the Sen¬ tences of Peter Lombard and Journey of the Mind to God (1259). Pope Gregory X appointed him cardinal of Albano (Italy) in 1273, and at the Second Council of Lyon he reconciled parish clergy with the mendicant orders.
bond In construction, the systematic arrangement of bricks or other building units (e.g., concrete blocks, glass blocks, or clay tiles) to ensure stability. Units laid with their ends toward the face of a wall are called headers; units with their lengths parallel to the wall are called stretchers. Common types are the English bond (courses of stretchers and headers alternate), the Flemish or Dutch bond (headers and stretchers are laid alternately within each course, each header being centered over the stretcher below it), and the American bond (every fifth or sixth course consists of headers, the rest being stretchers). See also masonry.
bond In finance, loan contract issued by local, state, and national gov¬ ernments and by private corporations, specifying an obligation to return borrowed funds. The issuer promises to pay interest on the debt when due (usually semiannually) at a stipulated percentage of the face value and to redeem the face value of the bond at maturity in legal tender. Bonds usu¬ ally indicate a debt of substantial size and are issued in more formal fash¬ ion than promissory notes, ordinarily under seal. Government bonds may be backed by taxes, or they may be revenue bonds, backed only by rev¬ enue from the specific project (toll roads, airports, etc.) to which they are committed. Bonds are rated based on the issuer’s creditworthiness. The ratings, assigned by independent rating agencies, generally run from AAA to D; bonds with ratings from AAA to BBB are regarded as suitable for investment. See also junk bond.
bond In law, a formal written agreement by which a person undertakes to perform a certain act (e.g., appearing in court or fulfilling the obliga¬ tions of a contract). Failure to perform the act obligates the person to pay a sum of money or to forfeit money on deposit. A bond is an incentive to fulfill an obligation; it also provides reassurance that compensation is available if the duty is not fulfilled. A surety usually is involved, and the bond makes the surety responsible for the consequences of the obligated person’s behaviour. See also bail.
Bond, (Horace) Julian (b. Jan. 14, 1940, Nashville, Tenn., U.S.) U.S. politician and civil-rights leader. The son of prominent educators, Bond graduated from Morehouse College. In 1960 he helped create the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In 1965 he was elected to the Georgia legislature, but his support of a SNCC statement accusing the U.S. of violating international law in the Vietnam War caused the legis¬ lature to deny him his seat. He was twice reelected and was twice more refused entry. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled his exclusion unconstitu¬ tional in December 1966, and he assumed his seat in January 1967. He later served in the state senate (1975-87). In 1998 he became chairman of the NAACP.
bonding Any of the interactions that account for the association of atoms into molecules, ions, crystals, metals, and other stable species. When
atoms’ nuclei and electrons interact, they tend to distribute themselves so that the total energy is lowest; if the energy of a group arrangement is lower than the sum of the components’ energies, they bond. The physics and mathematics of bonding were developed as part of quantum mechan¬ ics. The number of bonds an atom can form—its valence —equals the number of electrons it contributes or receives. Covalent bonds form mol¬ ecules; atoms bond to specific other atoms by sharing an electron pair between them. If the sharing is even, the molecule is not polar; if it is uneven, the molecule is an electric dipole. Ionic bonds are the extreme of uneven sharing; certain atoms give up electrons, becoming cations. Other atoms take up the electrons and become anions. All the ions are held together in a crystal by electrostatic forces. In crystalline metals, a dif¬ fuse electron sharing bonds the atoms (metallic bonding). Other types include hydrogen bonding; bonds in aromatic compounds; coordinate cova¬ lent bonds; multicentre bonds, exemplified by boranes (boron hydrides), in which more than two atoms share electron pairs; and the bonds in coor¬ dination complexes (see transition element), still poorly understood. See also VAN DER WAALS FORCES.
Bonds, Barry in full Barry Lamar Bonds (b. July 24, 1964, Riv¬ erside, Calif.) U.S. baseball player. Bonds was a college All-American at Arizona State University. A left-handed power hitter and a superb base stealer, he played outfield for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1985-92) and the San Francisco Giants (from 1993). By the early 21st century, he had earned eight Gold Glove awards for fielding and had been named Most Valuable Player six times. In 2001 he hit 73 home runs, breaking Mark McGwire’s single-season record of 70; that year he also had 177 walks to top Babe Ruth’s record (170). His father, Bobby Bonds (1946-2003), was also an outstanding professional baseball player.