Brucke VbriE-kaV Die German "The Bridge" Organization of Ger¬ man Expressionist artists. It was founded in 1905 by four architectural stu¬ dents at the Dresden Technical School, including Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, who were soon joined by other German and European artists. Its name reflects their hope that their work would be a bridge to the art of the future. Strongly influenced by primitive art, Ger¬ man Gothic woodcuts, and the prints of Edvard Munch, they produced fig¬ ure paintings and portraits depicting human suffering and anxiety, as well as still lifes and landscapes characterized by harshly distorted shapes and violent colours. They contributed to the 20th-century revival of the wood- cut. The group disbanded in 1913. See photograph opposite.
Bruckner Vbruk-nsrV (Josef) Anton (b. Sept. 4, 1824, Ansfelden, Austria—d. Oct. 11, 1896, Vienna) Austrian composer. Son of a rural schoolmaster who died in Anton’s youth, he was taken into a monastery as a choirboy and there learned to play the organ. Greatly gifted, he became organist at Linz Cathedral in 1855; throughout his composing career, his orchestrations would be compared to organ sonorities. In 1865 he heai'd Tristan und Isolde in Munich and thereafter idolized Richard Wagner, though his own works remained indebted to Ludwig van
Beethoven. In 1868 he was appointed professor at the Vienna Conserva¬ tory and settled in Vienna for the rest of his life. He was 60 before he achieved fame with his Symphony No. 7 in E Major (1884). He was socially awkward and eccentric, and he remained a deeply devout Chris¬ tian to his death. His reputation rests on his nine mature symphonies (1866-96), his three masses, and his Te Deum (1884).
Bruegel Vbroi-golV Jan, the Elder (b. 1568, Brussels—d. Jan. 13, 1625, Antwerp) Flemish painter and draftsman, second son of Pieter Brue¬ gel. Early in his career he went to Italy, where he painted under the patronage of Cardinal Federigo Borromeo. After returning to Antwerp in 1596, he enjoyed a highly successful and prestigious career. In 1608 he was appointed court painter to the archdukes of Habsburg, regents of the southern Netherlands. He is known for his small-scale landscapes and exquisite flower paintings, all painted in a miniaturistic style on copper or panel. His skill at depicting delicate textures earned him the nickname “Velvet.” He often collaborated with other artists, including his friend Peter Paul Rubens. His sons, Jan the Younger and Ambrosius, were also painters.
Bruegel Vbroi-golV Pieter, the Elder (b. c. 1525, probably Breda, duchy of Brabant—d. Sept. 5/9, 1569, Brussels) Greatest Netherlandish painter of the 16th century. Not much is known of his early life, but in 1551 he set off for Italy, where he produced his earliest signed painting, Landscape with Christ and the Apostles at the Sea of Tiberias (c. 1553). Returning to Flanders in 1555, he achieved some fame with a series of satirical, moralizing prints in the style of Hieronymus Bosch, commissioned by an Antwerp engraver. He is best known for his paintings of Nether¬ landish proverbs, seasonal landscapes, and realistic views of peasant life and folklore, but he also took a novel approach to religious subject mat¬ ter, portraying biblical events in panoramic scenes, often viewed from above. He had many important patrons; most of his paintings were com¬ missioned by collectors. In addition to many drawings and engravings, about 40 authenticated paintings from his enormous output have survived. His sons, Peter Brueghel the Younger and Jan, the Elder Brueghel (both of whom restored to the name the h their father had abandoned), and later imitators carried his style into the 18th century.
Brugge Vbrui-ksA English Vbru-g9\ or Bruges VbruezhV City (pop., 2000 est.: 116,200), northwestern Belgium. First mentioned in 7th-century records, it was the site of a castle built in the 9th century by the first counts of Flanders against Norman invaders. It joined the Hanseatic League and was a major marketplace in the 13th century. As the centre of the Flem¬ ish cloth industry, it was the commercial hub of northern Europe. In the 15th century it was home to Jan van Eyck and other painters of the Flem¬ ish school (see Flemish art). It declined as a port and textile centre but later revived with the construc¬ tion of canals linking it with the North Sea. Shipbuilding, food pro¬ cessing, chemicals, electronics, and tourism are the main industries.
Brugghen, Hendrik ter See
Hendrik Terbrugghen
Brugmann Vbrug- 1 man\ /
(Friedrich) Karl (b. March 16, 1849, Wiesbaden, Nassau—d. June 29, 1919, Leipzig, Ger.) German lin¬ guist. A professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics, he belonged to the Neogrammarian school, which asserted the inviolability of phonetic laws and adhered to strict research methodology. Among the best known of his 400 publications are the two volumes on sounds and forms that he contributed to the Out¬ line of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages
"Dodo and Her Brother/' oil painting by Die Brucke artist Ernst Ludwig Kirch¬ ner, c. 1908; in the Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, Mass.
COURTESY OF THE SMITH COLLEGE MUSEUM OF ART, NORTHAMPTON, MASS.
(1886-93).
Bruhn VbriinV, Erik orig. Belton Evers (b. Oct. 3, 1928, Copen¬ hagen, Den.—d. April 1, 1986, Tor¬ onto, Ont., Can.) Danish ballet
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
284 I bruise ► Brunei
dancer. From 1937 he studied at the Royal Danish Ballet training school, and in 1947 he joined the company. He performed as guest soloist with many other companies, including American Ballet Theatre in the 1950s and ’60s, dancing leading roles in such ballets as La Sylphide, Swan Lake , and Carmen. He was admired for his classical technique. He later served as director of the Royal Swedish Opera House (1967- 72) and assistant director (1973—81) and director (1983-86) of Canada’s National Ballet.
bruise or contusion Visible blu¬ ish or purplish mark beneath the sur¬ face of unbroken skin, indicating burst blood vessels in deeper tissue layers. Bruises are usually caused by a blow or pressure, but they may occur spontaneously in elderly persons. The yellowish hue that becomes visible as a bruise heals comes from the disintegration and gradual absorption of blood.
Bruhn as Romeo, 1967
FRED FEHL
Brumaire \brm-'mer. Coup of 18-19 (1799) French coup d’etat that overthrew the Directory and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon. Planned by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand with the aid of Napoleon, the coup took place on November 9-10 (18-19 Brumaire in the French republican calendar). It is often considered the effective end of the French Revolution.
Brummell, Beau orig. George Bryan (b. June 7, 1778, London, Eng.—d. March 30, 1840, Caen,
France) English dandy. The son of Lord North’s private secretary, he attended Oxford and became famous for his dress and wit as well as for his friendship with George, prince of Wales (later King George IV). The leader of English fashion of his time, he had by 1816 exhausted his inher¬ ited fortune on gambling and extravagance, and his sharp tongue had alienated his patron. He fled to Calais, France to avoid his creditors and struggled for 14 years before becoming British consul at Caen (1830-32). In 1835 his friends res¬ cued him from debtor’s prison, but he soon lost all interest in his per¬ sonal appearance, and he spent his final years in a charitable asylum.
Brun, Charles Le See Charles Le Brun
Beau Brummell, engraving by John Cooke after a portrait miniature, 1844.
Brundage, Avery (b. Sept. 28, 1887, Detroit, Mich., U.S.—d. May 8, 1975, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, W.Ger.) U.S. sports administrator. He competed in the decathlon at the 1912 Olympic Games. He served as presi¬ dent of the U.S. Olympic Association and Committee 1929-53 and as vice president (1945-52) and president (1952-72) of the International Olym¬ pic Committee. Controversial and domineering, he demanded strict adher¬ ence to the rules of amateur competition, and he often dismissed political events as unrelated to Olympic competition, most notably the 1972 mur¬ der of Israeli athletes by terrorists.