budding bacteria Group of bacteria that reproduce by budding. Each bacterium divides following unequal cell growth; the mother cell is retained, and a new daughter cell forms. In budding, the cell wall grows from one point on the cell rather than throughout the cell; this type of growth permits the development of more complex structures and pro¬ cesses. Most budding bacteria are aquatic and can attach to surfaces by their stalks; some are free-floating.
buddleia Vbod-le-oV or butterfly bush Any of more than 100 spe¬ cies of plants constituting the genus Buddleia , native to tropical and sub¬ tropical areas of the world. The genus was formerly included in the family Loganiaceae (order Gentianales) but is now placed in the family Buddle- jaceae (order Scrophulariales), which includes about 10 genera and more than 150 species. Most species of Buddleia have hairy or scaly leaves and clusters of purple, white, yellow, or orange flowers. Several species are cultivated as garden ornamentals.
Budenny \bu-'dy6-ne\, Semyon (Mikhaylovich) (b. April 13, 1883, Kozyurin, near Rostov-na-Donu, Russia—d. Oct. 17, 1973, Mos¬ cow, Russia, U.S.S.R.) Russian army officer. In 1919 he joined the Com¬ munist Party and, as commander of the 1st Cavalry Army in the Russian Civil War, he played a crucial role in defeating the White (anti-Bolshevik) generals Anton Denikin and Pyotr Wrangel and in fighting the Poles (1920). He later became a marshal of the Soviet Union and was com¬ mander of Moscow’s military district.
Budge, (John) Don(ald) (b. June 13, 1915, Oakland, Calif., U.S.—d. Jan. 26, 2000, Scranton, Pa.) U.S. tennis player. He won his very first tournament, the California Boys State Singles title (1930). In 1936 he became the first lawn-tennis player to win the grand-slam (the Australian, French, British, and U.S. singles championships). At Wimbledon in both
1937 and 1938, he won not only the singles but also the men’s doubles and mixed doubles. Representing the U.S. four times in the Davis Cup competition (1935-38), he won 25 of 29 matches. He turned professional in 1939. He is noted for having developed the backhand into an offen¬ sive stroke.
Buell \'byul\, Don Carlos (b. March 23, 1818, near Marietta, Ohio, U.S.—d. Nov. 19, 1898, Rockport, Ky.) U.S. general. A graduate of West Point, he was appointed general of volunteers at the start of the Ameri¬ can Civil War, and he helped organize the Union’s Army of the Potomac. He was sent to Kentucky to succeed William T. Sherman and to organize the Army of the Ohio. In 1862 he was Union commander in the Kentucky campaign against Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg. Following the Battle of Perry ville, he was removed from his command for alleged tar¬ diness in his pursuit of Confederate forces.
Buena Vista \,bwa-na-'ves-ta. Battle of Battle fought in 1847 near Monterrey, Mexico, in the Mexican War. A U.S. force of 5,000 com¬ manded by Gen. Zachary Taylor and assisted by Jefferson Davis invaded northern Mexico and engaged a Mexican force of 14,000 under Gen. Antonio Santa Anna. The U.S. forces repulsed the Mexican attack, and the Mexicans retreated with 1,500 casualties. Taylor’s victory helped him win the 1848 U.S. presidential election.
Buenos Aires \,bwa-n3s-'ar-ez,\ Spanish \,bwa-nos-'I-ras\ City (pop., 2001: city, 2,776,138; metro, area, 12,046,799), capital of Argentina. Located on an estuary of the Rio de la Plata in east-central Argentina, about 150 mi (240 km) from the Atlantic Ocean, it is nevertheless a major port. First colonized by the Spanish in 1536, it was not permanently settled until 1580. It became the seat of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata in 1776. In 1853 the city and the surrounding area that made up the prov¬ ince of Buenos Aires refused to recognize a new constitution approved by the country’s other provinces and began fighting with them intermit¬ tently over control of the Argentine government. After being made a fed¬ eral district and Argentina’s capital, it settled its wars with the other provinces (1880) and by World War I (1914-18) had become a thriving port. The country’s largest and most influential city, it is an important industrial and transportation centre.
buffalo Any member of several bovid species, including the massive water buffalo and Cape buffalo. The name is often applied to the Ameri¬ can bison. The anoa (Anoa depressicornis) is a tiny, dark-brown buffalo of the dense, mature forests of Sulawesi. A shy animal, it stands 2.5-3 ft (0.75-1 m) at the shoulder and has straight, sharp-tipped horns. It is hunted for food, hides, and horns. A slightly larger species, the tamarau (A. mindorensis), inhabits the Philippine island of Mindoro. Exceedingly shy and wild, its numbers have been greatly reduced.
Cape, or African, buffalo (Syncerus caffer).
MARK BOULTON-THE NATIONAL AUDUBON SOCIETY COLLECTION/PHOTO RESEARCHERS
Buffalo City (pop., 2000: 292,648), western New York, U.S. Located at the northeastern point of Lake Erie on the Niagara River, it is the terminus of the New York State Barge Canal. Settled by American Indians in 1780, the site was laid out as a town at the beginning of the 19th century. It was a military post in the War of 1812 and was burned by the British. Rebuilt
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290 I Buffalo Bill ► building construction
in 1814-15, it became the western terminus of the Erie Canal, which brought an economic boom to the community. A major port on the St. Lawrence Seaway and the main U.S. gateway to Ontario’s Toronto- Hamilton industrial region, it processes much of U.S.-Canadian trade. It is also an educational and medical research centre.
Buffalo Bill See William F. Cody
buffalo soldier Nickname given to members of African American cavalry regiments of the U.S. Army who served in the western U.S. (1867-96). An 1866 law authorized the army to form cavalry and infan¬ try regiments of African American men under the command of white officers; the result was the 9th and 10th cavalries and the 38th through 41st infantries. The primary mission of the cavalry regiments was to con¬ trol Indians on the western frontier (the nickname “buffalo” was given by the Indians). The soldiers took part in almost 200 engagements. Noted for their courage and discipline, they had the army’s lowest desertion and court-martial rates. One of the 10th Cavalry’s officers was John Pershing, whose nickname “Black Jack” reflected his advocacy on behalf of Afri¬ can American troops.
buffer Solution usually containing a weak acid and its conjugate weak base, or a salt, of such a composition that the pH is held constant within a certain range. An example is a solution containing acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) and the acetate ion (CH 3 COCT). The pH depends on their relative concentration and can be found with a simple formula involving their ratio. Relatively small additions of acid or base will change the con¬ centration of the two species, but their ratio, and hence the pH, will not change much. Different buffers are useful in different pH ranges; they include phosphoric acid, citric acid, and boric acid, each with their salts. Biological fluids such as blood, tears, and semen have natural buffers to maintain them at the pH required for their proper function. See also law of MASS ACTION.
Buffett, Warren (b. Aug. 30, 1930, Omaha, Neb., U.S.) U.S. busi¬ nessman and investor. He attended the University of Nebraska (B.S., 1950) and Columbia University (M.S., 1951), where he was influenced by professor Benjamin Graham’s approach toward value investing—that is, purchasing shares of companies whose stocks are priced below their intrinsic value. Returning to his native Omaha, he turned $105,000 of ini¬ tial investment in his Buffett Partnership (1956-69) into $105 million by the time of its dissolution. He then began investing in businesses, bought under the umbrella of the textile manufacturer Berkshire Hathaway. He is said to be the first person to have made $ 1 billion in the stock market. His financial reports are read eagerly by stock-market novices and experts alike for their pithy wisdom.