Burt, Sir Cyril (Lodowic) (b. March 3, 1883, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, Eng.—d. Oct. 10, 1971, London) British psychologist. He taught at the University of London (1924-50), becoming known for his pioneering work in educational psychology, especially mental testing and statistical analysis. His studies of human intelligence convinced him that intelligence was primarily inherited. Subsequent examination indicated that he had fabricated some of the data, though some of his earlier work remained unaffected by this revelation. His books, which were very popu¬ lar in England and went through many editions, include The Factors of the Mind (1940), The Backward Child (1961), The Young Delinquent (1965), and The Gifted Child (1975).
Burton, Richard orig. Richard Walter Jenkins, Jr. (b. Nov. 10, 1925, Pontrhydyfen, Wales—d. Aug. 5, 1984, Geneva, Switz.) British- U.S. actor. He first won success on the stage in The Lady’s Not for Burning in London (1949) and on Broadway (1950). His first Hollywood film role was in My Cousin Rachel (1952). During the filming of Cleopatra (1963) he had a highly publicized love affair with Elizabeth Taylor, whom he later twice married. Known for his resonant voice and his Welsh mournfulness, he starred again on Broadway in Camelot (1960) and an acclaimed Hamlet (1964). Among his other films are The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965), Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), and Equus (1977).
Burton, Robert (1577 -1640) British scholar and writer. He spent most of his life as a vicar at Oxford. His great Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) describes the kinds, causes, symptoms, and cures of melancholy in a lively, elegant, and sometimes humorous style; a mine of classical erudi¬ tion and curious information, it is an index to the philosophical and psy¬ chological ideas of its time. His Latin comedy Philosophaster (1606) is a vivacious exposure of charlatanism.
Burton, Sir Richard (Francis) (b. March 19, 1821, Torquay, Devon¬ shire, Eng.—d. Oct. 20, 1890, Trieste, Austria-Hungary) English scholar- explorer and Orientalist. Expelled from Oxford in 1842, Burton went to India as a subaltern officer. There he disguised himself as a Muslim and wrote detailed reports of merchant bazaars and urban brothels. He then traveled to Arabia, again disguised as a Muslim, and became the first non- Muslim European to penetrate the forbidden holy cities; he recounted his adventures in Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Mecca (1855-56), a classic account of Muslim life. In 1857-58 he led an expedition with John Han¬ ning Speke in search of the source of the Nile River; stricken with malaria, he turned back after becoming the first European to reach Lake Tanga¬ nyika. His travels resulted in a total of 43 accounts of such subjects as Mormons, West African peoples, the Brazilian highlands, Iceland, and Etruscan Bologna. He learned 25 languages and numerous dialects; among his 30 volumes of translations were ancient Eastern manuals on the art of love, and he larded his famous Arabian Nights translation with ethnological footnotes and daring essays that won him many enemies in Victorian society. After his death his wife, Isabel, who was a devout Catholic, burned his 40 years of diaries and journals.
Buru Dutch Boeroe \'bii-ru\ Island, Indonesia. Located west of Ceram in the western Moluccas, it measures 90 mi (145 km) long by 50 mi (81 km) wide. Namlea, the chief town, lies on the narrow coastal plain. It was taken by the Dutch in the mid-17th century. It became part of Indonesia after World War II. Indonesia used Buru for a prison camp following the 1965 attempted coup; most of the prisoners had been freed by 1981.
Burundi \bu-'run-de\ officially Republic of Burundi Country, east- central Africa. Area: 10,740 sq mi (27,816 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 7,795,000. Capitaclass="underline" Bujumbura. The population is divided primarily between the approximately four-fifths who are Hutu and the approxi¬ mately one-fifth who are Tutsi. The first inhabitants, the Twa Pygmies, make up about 1% of the population. Languages: Rundi (Kirundi), French (both official), Swahili. Religions: Christianity (mostly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, other Christians); also traditional beliefs. Currency: Burundi franc. Burundi occupies a high plateau straddling the divide of
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
bus ► Bush I 301
| Lake & Victoria
^Kigali
%
/ \ I y
L^/7 /
myv
Ngozi
{A
TANZANIA
© 2002 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
the Nile and Congo watersheds. The divide runs north to south, rising to about 8,500 ft (2,600 m). The plateau contains the Ruvubu River basin, the southernmost extension of the Nile basin. In the west the
Rusizi River connects Lake Kivu in the north with Lake Tanganyika to the south. Burundi has a developing economy based primarily on agriculture. It is governed by a military regime. It has one legislative house, and its head of state and government is the president assisted by a vice president. Original settlement by the Twa was followed by Hutu settlement, which occurred gradually and was completed by the 11th century. The Tutsi arrived 300-400 years later; though a minority, they established the king¬ dom of Burundi in the 16th century. In the 19th century the area came within the German sphere of influence, but the Tutsi remained in power. Following World War I, the Belgians took control of the area; their admin¬ istration was replaced by a UN trusteeship after World War II. Colonial conditions had intensified Hutu-Tutsi ethnic animosities, and, as indepen¬ dence neared, hostilities flared. Independence was granted in 1962 in the form of a kingdom ruled by the Tutsi. In 1965 the Hutu rebelled but were brutally repressed. The two groups clashed violently throughout the rest of the 20th century, although the number of deaths did not approach the nearly one million people killed in Rwanda. The unstable government that existed in these surroundings was overthrown by the military in 1996. In 2001 a transitional government took power, but political instability con¬ tinued in the region.
bus Device on a computer’s motherboard that provides a data path between the CPU and attached devices (keyboard, mouse, disk drives, video cards, etc.). Like a vehicular bus that stops at designated stations to pick up or drop off riders, a computer bus receives a data signal from the CPU and drops it off at the appropriate device (for example, the con¬ tents of a file in RAM are sent, via the bus, to a disk drive to be stored permanently). Conversely, data signals from devices are sent back to the CPU. On a network, a bus provides the data path between the various computers and devices. See also USB.
bus Large motor vehicle designed to carry passengers usually along a fixed route according to a schedule. The first gasoline-powered bus was built in Germany in 1895 and carried eight passengers. The first integral- frame bus was constructed in the early 1920s in the U.S. In the 1930s diesel engines were introduced, providing greater power and fuel efficiency to larger buses. With the development of highway systems, transconti¬ nental bus lines became common in North America. Double-decked buses are used in some European cities; articulated buses pull trailers with flex¬ ible joints. Trolley buses, whose electric motors draw power from over¬ head wires, are now used mostly in European cities.
Bush, George (Herbert Walker) (b. June 12, 1924, Milton, Mass., U.S.) 41st president of the U.S. (1989-93). Bush was the son of Prescott Bush, an investment banker and U.S. senator from Connecticut. He served in World War II as a toipedo bomber pilot on aircraft carriers in the Pacific, flying some 58 combat missions; he was shot down by the Japanese in 1944. After graduating from Yale University in 1948, he started an oil business in Texas. He was elected to a Republican seat in the U.S. House of Representatives (1966-70) and later served as ambassador to the UN (1971-72), chief of liaison to China (1974-76), and head of the CIA (1976-77). In 1980 he lost the Republican Party nomination for president to Ronald Reagan. Bush served as vice president under Reagan (1981— 89), whom he succeeded as president, defeating Michael Dukakis. He made no dramatic departures from Reagan’s policies. In 1989 he ordered a brief military invasion of Panama, which toppled that country’s leader, Gen. Manuel Noriega. He helped impose a UN-approved embargo against Iraq in 1990 to force its withdrawal from Kuwait. When Iraq refused, he authorized a U.S.-led air offensive that began the Persian Gulf War. Despite general approval of his foreign policy, an economic recession led to his defeat by Bill Clinton in 1992. His son George W. Bush was elected governor of Texas in 1994 and president of the U.S. in 2000. Another son, Jeb Bush, was elected governor of Florida in 1998.