He is best known as the inventor of the mobile, a forerunner of kinetic sculpture. He also constructed nonmovable sculptural works known as sta¬ biles. Although Calder’s early mobiles and stabiles were relatively small, he increasingly moved toward monumentality in his later works. His art was recognized with many large-scale exhibitions.
caldera \kal-'der-9\ Large, bowl-shaped volcanic depression that forms when the top of a volcanic cone collapses into the space left after magma is ejected during a violent volcanic eruption. The term is Spanish for “cal¬ dron.” Subsequent minor eruptions may build small cones on the floor of the caldera which may still later fill up with water; an example is Crater Lake in Oregon.
Calderon de la Barca V.kal-do-'ron-da-b-'bar-koV, Pedro (b. Jan. 17, 1600, Madrid, Spain—d. May 25, 1681, Madrid) Spanish playwright. He abandoned religious studies in 1623 to write plays for the court of Philip IV of Spain. His secular plays included The Surgeon of His Honour (1635), Life Is a Dream (1638), and his masterpiece. The Daughter of the Air (1653). His many plays on religious themes include The Constant Prince (1629) and The Wonder-Working Magician (1637). He also cre¬ ated 76 one-act religious dramas, notably The Great Theatre of the World (c. 1635) and The Faithful Shepherd (1678). Considered the successor to Lope de Vega as the greatest playwright of the Spanish Golden Age, he was noted for his well-constructed plots and his preoccupation with the van¬ ity of human existence.
Caldwell, Erskine (b. Dec. 17, 1903, Coweta county, Ga., U.S.—d. April 11, 1987, Paradise Valley, Ariz.) U.S. author. Caldwell became familiar with poor sharecroppers through his father’s missionary work. Fame arrived with Tobacco Road (1932), a controversial novel whose title became a byword for rural squalor; adapted as a play, it ran more than seven years on Broadway. God’s Little Acre (1933), also a best-seller, featured a cast of hopelessly poor degenerates. Like his other novels and stories about the rural Southern poor, they mix violence and sex in gro¬ tesque tragicomedy. He also wrote the text for documentary books with photographs by Margaret Bourke-White, whom he married.
Caledonian orogenic \,kal-9- , do-ne-3n- l or-3- , je-nik\ belt Range of mountains in northwestern Europe, extending in a southwest-northeast direction from Ireland, Wales, and northern England through Norway. The mountains developed in the period from the start of the Cambrian Period (543 million years ago) to the end of the Silurian Period (c. 417 million years ago). Remnants also exist in eastern Greenland.
calendar System for dividing time over extended periods, such as days, months, or years, and arranging these divisions in a definite order. A cal¬ endar is essential for the study of chronology, which reckons time by regular divisions, or periods, and uses these to date events. It is also vital for any civilization that needs to measure periods for agricultural, busi¬ ness, domestic, or other reasons. The lunation, or period in which the moon completes a cycle of its phases (29Vi days), is the basis for the month; most ancient calendars were collections of months. Days and sea¬ sons, which are a solar phenomena, do not have periods that evenly divide, so ancient calendars employed various means, such as the periodic inser¬ tion of an intercalary month, to reconcile the months with the seasons. The Gregorian calendar used almost universally today is a modification of the Julian calendar adopted by Julius Caesar, which used a 36514-day year with 12 months that came to have the number of days we know today. See also calendar, Jewish; calendar, Muslim; sidereal period.
calendar, French republican See French republican calendar
calendar, Jewish or Hebrew calendar Religious and civil dat¬ ing system based on both lunar and solar cycles. In the calendar used today, a day is counted from sunset to sunset, a week comprises 7 days, a month has 29 or 30 days, and a year has 12 lunar months plus approxi¬ mately 11 days (or 353, 354, or 355 days). In order to bring the calendar in line with the annual solar cycle, a 13th month of 30 days is added in the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19-year cycle. Therefore, a leap year may have from 383 to 385 days. The Jewish cal¬ endar in use today was popularly accepted around the 4th century ad and is based on Biblical calculations placing the creation in 3761 bc.
calendar, Muslim or Islamic calendar Dating system used in the Muslim world and based on a year of 12 months, each month beginning approximately at the time of the new moon. The months are alternately 30 and 29 days long except for the 12th, Dhu al-Hijjah, the length of which is varied in a 30-year cycle intended to keep the calendar in step with the true phases of the moon. In 11 years of this cycle, Dhu al-Hijjah has 30 days, and in the other 19 years it has 29. Thus the year has either 354 or 355 days. No months are added as in leap years, so the named months
Colder, photograph by Yousuf Karsh,
©KARSH AMDODFIN CAMP AND ASSOCIATES
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
calendering ► California poppy I 313
do not remain in the same seasons but retrogress through the entire solar, or seasonal, year (of about 36514 days) every 3214 solar years.
calendering Process of smoothing and compressing a material (nota¬ bly paper) during production by passing a continuous sheet through a number of pairs of heated rolls. The rolls in combination are called cal¬ enders; they are made of hardened steel or steel covered with fiber. In paper production, they typically exert a pressure of 500 lbs per linear in. (89 kg per cm). Coated papers are calendered to obtain a smooth, glossy finish. Calendering is also widely used in the manufacture of textiles, coated fabrics, and plastic sheeting.
calendula \k3-'len-j3-b\ Any herbaceous plant of the small genus Cal¬ endula, in the composite family, found in temperate regions. Calendulas produce yellow-rayed flowers. The pot marigold (C. officinalis) is grown especially for ornamental purposes.
Calgary Vkal-g3-re\ City (pop., 2001: city, 878,866; metro, area, 951,395), southern Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1875 as a fort on the Bow River for the Northwest Mounted Police. The arrival of the Cana¬ dian Pacific Railway in 1883 aided its growth, as did the discovery of nearby oil and gas fields in 1914 and 1947. Its major industries are petro¬ leum refining, meatpacking, and lumbering. The annual Calgary Stam¬ pede, founded in 1912, is a world-famous rodeo and celebration of the Old West.
Calgary, University of Public university in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1945 as part of the University of Alberta and gained full autonomy in 1966. It has faculties of education, engineering, envi¬ ronmental design, fine arts, graduate studies, humanities, law, manage¬ ment, medicine, nursing, physical education, science, social sciences, and social work. It has special programs devoted to space research, interna¬ tional development, gifted education, and world tourism.
Calhoun \kal-'hun\, John C(aldwell) (b. March 18, 1782, Abbeville district, S.C., U.S.—d. March 31,
1850, Washington, D.C.) U.S. poli¬ tician. A graduate of Yale University, he became an ardent Jeffersonian Republican and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1811-17). As a leader of the War Hawks, he introduced the declaration of war against Britain in June 1812 (see War of 1812). From 1817 to 1825 he served as U.S. secretary of war. He was elected vice president in 1824 (under John Quincy Adams) and again in 1828 (under Andrew Jack- son). In the 1830s he became an extreme advocate of strict construc¬ tion of the U.S. Constitution, a champion of states' rights, a defender of slavery, and a supporter of nullifi¬ cation. In 1832 he resigned the vice presidency and was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served until 1850; he was briefly secretary of state in 1844-45. His exuberant defense of slavery as a “positive good” aroused strong anti-Southern feeling in the free states.