Cali Vka-le\ City (pop., 1999 est.: 2,077,386), western Colombia. Lying on both sides of the Cali River, it was founded in 1536. Located far from the coast, it did not develop economically until the 20th century, when the upper Cauca River was harnessed to generate electrical power and prevent flooding. It is a major service centre for area products and rivals Bogota, Barranquilla, and Medellin as an industrial centre. Beginning in the late 20th century, Cali became notorious for its trade in illegal narcotics.
calico cat In North America, a blotched or spotted domestic cat, usually predominantly white with red and black patches (a pattern also called tortoiseshell-and-white). Because genetic determination of some coat colours in cats is linked to the sex chromosome, calicoes are almost always female.
California State (pop., 2000: 33,871,648), western U.S. Lying on the Pacific Ocean, it is bordered by Mexico and the U.S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona. California is the largest state in population and the
third largest in area (158,647 sq mi [410,895 sq km]), extending about 800 mi (1,300 km) north to south and 250 mi (400 km) east to west. Its capital is Sacramento. Within 85 mi (137 km) of each other lie Mount Whitney and Death Valley, the highest and lowest points in the 48 con¬ tiguous states. It was inhabited originally by American Indians. The first European coastal expansion took place in 1542-43 when Juan Cabrillo established a Spanish claim to the area. The first mission was established by Junipero Serra at San Diego in 1769. The region remained under Span¬ ish and, after the 1820s, Mexican control until it was taken by U.S. forces in the Mexican War and ceded to the U.S. by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. Though settlement had begun by the U.S. in 1841, it was greatly accelerated by the 1848 gold rush. California was admitted to the Union in 1850 as a nonslavery state under the Compromise of 1850. Its already expanding population grew immensely in the 20th century. It has the largest economy of any U.S. state. It has suffered severe earthquakes, most destructively those of San Francisco in 1906 and 1989 and Los Angeles in 1994.
California, Gulf of or Sea of Cortes Gulf separating Baja Califor¬ nia from the rest of Mexico. Its area is about 59,000 sq mi (153,000 sq km). Its waters were coloured by red plankton when 16th-century Span¬ ish explorers named it Mar Bermejo (“Vermilion Sea”). Some geologists hold that the gulf is structurally part of the Pacific Ocean; others claim Baja California is pulling away from the continent as it moves north along the San Andreas Fault, allowing the gulf to form.
California, Lower See Baja California
California, University of U.S. public university with campuses at Berkeley (main campus), Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego (La Jolla), San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and Santa Cruz. Established in 1868 in Oakland, it has become one of the largest univer¬ sity systems in the U.S. The Berkeley campus, which replaced the Oak¬ land campus in 1873, remains a leader in scientific fields as well as in many other academic areas. In the 1930s researchers there produced the first cyclotron, isolated the human polio virus, and discovered several new chemical elements. The San Francisco campus, originally a medical col¬ lege, joined the University of California in 1873 and remains a centre for medical research and education. The San Diego campus, founded as a marine station, became part of the university in 1912; it includes the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The Los Angeles branch (UCLA), founded in 1919, includes schools of law, medicine, and engineering. The Santa Barbara campus, originally founded as a teachers college, joined the university system in 1944. The Davis and Riverside campuses grew out of agricultural institutes and were added in 1959. To answer a grow¬ ing need for broad-based education and research, the university opened campuses at Santa Cruz and Irvine in 1965 and added the Merced cam¬ pus in 2005. The University of California operates nuclear research cen¬ tres at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Los Alamos National Laboratory.
California Institute of Technology known as Caltech U.S.- based, highly select, private university and research institute in Pasadena. Established in 1891, it offers graduate and undergraduate instruction and research in pure and applied science and engineering. It is considered one of the world’s premier scientific research centres. In 1958 its Jet Propul¬ sion Laboratory, in conjunction with NASA, launched Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite. Caltech operates astronomical observatories at such loca¬ tions as Palomar Mountain, Owens Valley, and Big Bear Lake, Calif., and Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Other facilities include a seismology laboratory, a marine biology laboratory, and a centre for the study of radio astronomy.
California Institute of the Arts known as CalArts U.S. private institution of higher learning in Valencia. Created in 1961 through the merger of two other art institutes, it was the first in the U.S. to specialize in degree programs for the visual and performing arts. It consists of five schools—art, dance, film and video, music, and theatre—and a division of critical studies. All schools award B.F.A. and M.F.A. degrees. A com¬ munity arts program sponsors work with young students in disadvantaged areas of Los Angeles.
California poppy Annual garden plant (Eschscholzia californica ) in the poppy family, native to the western coast of North America and natu¬ ralized in parts of southern Europe, Asia, and Australia. The flowers are usually pale yellow, orange, or cream in the wild, but whites and shades of red and pink have been developed in cultivation. The foliage is gray-
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314 I Californian Indian ► Callao
green and feathery. The flowers open only in sunlight. They blossom all summer in northern climates and into the winter in areas with mild winters.
Californian Indian Any member of the various North American Indian peoples living in and around present-day California, U.S. Of the many Californian groups, most were composed of independent territorial and political units that were smaller than the average groupings of other North American Indians. Food var¬ ied with the region inhabited (coastal peoples fished, desert peoples hunted and practiced marginal agriculture, etc.), as did style of housing. The peoples of California were politi¬ cally stable, sedentary, and conservative and less in conflict with one another than was usually the case in other areas of North America; neigh¬ bouring groups often developed elaborate systems of economic exchange of goods and services. The Californian Indians reached peaks of cultural attainment rarely seen among peoples depending almost wholly for sub¬ sistence on hunting, fishing, and the gathering of wild plant foods. Cali¬ fornian Indians had a renowned oral literature, and Californian basketwork is considered exquisite. See also Modoc; Northwest Coast Indian; Pomo; YuMAn.
Caligula \ka-'li-gya-la\ officially Gaius Caesar (Germanicus) (b.
Aug. 31, ad 12, Antium, Latium—d. Jan. 24, 41, Rome) Roman emperor (37-41). Known by his childhood nickname, Caligula (“Little Boot”) was declared heir to the throne by Tiberius following the suspicious deaths of Caligula’s parents and brothers and probably connived in Tiberius’s death. Caligula suffered a severe illness seven months into his rule and began displaying mental instability, engaging in despotic caprice and cruelty. Restoring treason trials (38), he executed former supporters and extorted money from the citizens. He plundered Gaul in 40 and began planning to invade Britain. He made pretensions to divinity and declared his sister Drusilla a goddess on her death. Weary of his tyranny, a group of con¬ spirators assassinated him.