Callimachus (fl. late 5th century bc) Greek sculptor. Though little is known of his life, he reputedly invented the ornate Corinthian capital (see order) after seeing leaves growing around a basket placed on a girl’s tomb. He was noted for the elaborate carving and detailed draperies of his sculp¬ tures, which survive only as Roman copies.
Callimachus Vko-'lim-o-kosN (b. c. 305, Cyrene, North Africa—d. c. 240 bc) Greek poet and scholar. He migrated to Egypt, where he worked at the Library of Alexandria. Of his voluminous writings, only fragments survive. His best-known poetical work is the Causes (c. 270 bc), a med¬ ley of obscure tales explaining the origins of customs, festivals, and names. He is the most representative poet of the erudite and sophisticated Alexandrian school. His most famous prose work is the Pinakes (“Tab¬ lets”) in 120 books, a catalog of the authors whose works were held in the library.
Calliope or Kalliope \k3-'lI-3-pe\ In Greek mythology, the foremost of the nine Muses and the patron of epic poetry. She and King Oeagrus of Thrace were the parents of Orpheus. She also bore Apollo two sons, Hymen and Ialemus. Other versions of the myth say she was the mother of Rhesus, king of Thrace, or the mother of Linus, inventor of melody and rhythm.
Callipolis See Gallipoli
Callisto \k3-'lis-to\ In Greek mythology, a nymph and a hunting com¬ panion of Artemis. Though she vowed never to wed, she was seduced by Zeus, who turned her into a she-bear to conceal his infidelity from the jealous Hera. She was then killed by Artemis during a hunt. Other ver¬ sions hold that it was Artemis or Hera, enraged at her unchastity, who turned her into a bear. After her death Zeus placed her in the heavens as the constellation Ursa Major (Great Bear).
Callot \ka-'lo\, Jacques (b. 1592/93, Nancy, Fr.—d. March 24, 1635, Nancy) French etcher, engraver, and draftsman. He learned the technique of engraving in Rome. In 1612, at the court of the Medici family in Flo¬ rence, he was employed to make pictorial records of pageants and feasts. He had a genius for caricature and the grotesque; his series of etchings The Miseries of War (1633), documenting the atrocities of the Thirty Years’ War, was used as a source by Francisco de Goya. His output was prodigious; more than 1,400 etchings and 2,000 drawings survive. One of the greatest of all etchers, he was also one of the first major artists to practice the graphic arts exclusively.
Calloway, Cab orig. Cabell Calloway III (b. Dec. 25, 1907, Roch¬ ester, N.Y., U.S.—d. Nov. 18, 1994, Hockessin, Del.) U.S. singer and big- band leader. He fronted his first group in 1928; it became the house band at Harlem’s Cotton Club in 1931. An accomplished scat singer who com¬ bined audacious showmanship with prodigious vocal range and imagina¬ tion, he became most identified with his hit “Minnie the Moocher” (1931). Exposure with his band launched the careers of many important jazz
soloists. The composer George Ger¬ shwin modeled the character Sportin’
Life in his musical Porgy and Bess (1935) on Calloway, who later per¬ formed the role himself.
callus In botany, soft tissue that forms over a wounded or cut plant surface, leading to healing. A callus arises from cells of the cambium.
When a callus forms, some of its cells may organize into growing points, some of which in turn give rise to roots while others produce stems and leaves. Thus a callus may be capable of regenerating an entire plant.
Calmette \kal-'met\, Albert (Leon Charles) (b. July 12, 1863,
Nice, Fr.—d. Oct. 29, 1933, Paris)
French bacteriologist. In the 1890s he founded the Pasteur bacteriological institutes in Saigon and later Lille. He discovered in 1908 that tuberculosis bacteria from cattle were weakened when cultured with bile, producing a strain of bacteria that provoked a pro¬ tective immune reaction without causing disease. That discovery led him to develop, with Camille Guerin, a tuberculosis vaccine. He also described a test (Calmette reaction) for tuberculosis and discovered an antivenin for snakebite.
Calonne \ka-'lon\, Charles- Alexandre de (b. Jan. 20, 1734,
Douai, France—d. Oct. 29, 1802,
Paris) French politician. He served as intendant of Metz (1768) and Lille (1774), and his financial genius led to his appointment as controller gen¬ eral of finance (1783). He soon dis¬ covered that major reforms were necessary to save France from bank¬ ruptcy. His efforts precipitated the governmental crisis that led to the French Revolution. After the Revolution began, he devoted himself to the cause of counterrevolution from his exile in England.
calorie Unit of energy or heat. Various precise definitions are used for different purposes (physical chemistry measurements, engineering steam tables, and thermochemistry), but in all cases the calorie is about 4.2 joules, the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C (1.8 °F) at normal atmospheric pressure. The calorie used by dietitians and food scientists and found on food labels is actually the kilo¬ calorie (also called Calorie and abbreviated kcal or Cal), or 1,000 calo¬ ries. It is a measure of the amount of heat energy or metabolic energy contained in the chemical bonds (see bonding) of a food.
calorimeter 'y.ka-b-'ri-ma-tsrX Device for measuring heat produced during a mechanical, electrical, or chemical reaction and for calculating the heat capacity of materials. A common design, known as a bomb calo¬ rimeter, consists of a reaction chamber surrounded by a liquid that absorbs the heat produced by the reaction. The amount of heat can be determined from the increase in temperature, taking into account the properties of the container and the liquid.
Caltech See California Institute of Technology
Calukya Vka-bk-y3\ dynasty or Chalukya dynasty Either of two ancient Indian dynasties. The Western Calukyas ruled as emperors in the Deccan (peninsular India) from ad 543 to 757 and again from c. 975 to c. 1189. The Eastern Calukyas ruled in Vengi (present-day eastern Andhra Pradesh) from c. 624 to c. 1070. The most significant ruling fam¬ ily of the Deccan in the 5th and 6th centuries, they controlled both coasts and the major river valleys.
Cab Calloway.
SCHOMBURG CENTER FOR RESEARCH IN BLACK CULTURE; THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY; ASTOR, LENOX AND TILDEN FOUNDATIONS
Calmette
HARUNGUE-H. ROGER-VIOLLET
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
316 I calumet ► Cambodia
calumet Vkal-ys-.metA or sacred pipe or peace pipe One of the
central ceremonial objects of many American Indian groups. It was con¬ sidered a microcosm, its parts and its decorative colours and motifs cor¬ responding to the essential parts of the universe. It was smoked in personal prayer as well as at collective rites. Because of the narcotic effect of the tobacco and the symbolism of the indrawn and ascending smoke, the calumet was employed as a means of communication between the spirit world and humans.
Calvary or Golgotha Hill in Jerusalem. The purported site of Jesus' Crucifixion, the hill was outside the Old City walls of Jerusalem and near the sepulchre where Jesus was said to have been afterward interred. Its exact location is uncertain, but most scholars prefer either the spot now covered by the Church of the Holy Sepulchre or a hillock called Gordon’s Calvary north of the Damascus Gate.
Calvert, George See George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore
Calvert, Leonard (b. c. 1606, England—d. June 9, 1647, St. Mary’s, Md.) First governor of the Maryland colony. He was the younger brother of Cecil Calvert, the colony’s proprietor. In 1633 he was sent from England to establish a settlement at St. Mary’s. He gradually allowed limited legislative initiative in the colony’s assembly. He lost a land con¬ flict with William Claiborne and was forced to leave Maryland (1644—46); aided by colonists, including Margaret Brent, he returned to reinstate his proprietorial rule.