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Cambodian ► Cambridge i 317
king, and its head of government is the prime minister. In the early centuries ad the area was under Hindu and, to a lesser extent, Buddhist influence. The Khmer state gradually spread in the early 8th century
and reached its height under Jayavarman II and his successors in the 9th- 12th centuries, when it ruled the Mekong valley and neighbouring states and built Angkor. Buddhism was widely adopted in the 13th century. From the 13th century the state was attacked by Annam and Tai (Siamese) city-states and was subject largely to Tai and Vietnamese hegemony. It became a French protectorate in 1863. It was occupied by the Japanese in World War II and became independent in 1954. Its borders were the scene of fighting in the Vietnam War from 1961, and in 1970 its north¬ eastern and eastern areas were occupied by the North Vietnamese and penetrated by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces. A bombing campaign in Cambodia by U.S. warplanes alienated much of the population, enabling the communist Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot to seize power in 1975. Their regime of terror resulted in the deaths of at least 1.5 million Cambodi¬ ans. Vietnam invaded in 1978 and drove the Khmer Rouge into the west¬ ern hinterlands, but Cambodian infighting continued. A peace accord was reached by most Cambodian factions under UN auspices in 1991. Elec¬ tions were held in 1993, and Norodom Sihanouk was restored to the mon¬ archy. A civilian government slowly emerged under UN tutelage until 1997, when a coup by Hun Sen consolidated his position as prime min¬ ister. Hun Sen’s party won legislative elections in 1998; also that year, Cambodia became part of ASEAN.
Cambodian See Khmer
Cambodian language See Khmer language
Cambon \ka n -'bo n \, (Pierre-) Paul (b. Jan. 20, 1843, Paris, France—d. May 29, 1924, Paris) French diplomat. He worked in the civil service (1870-82) before entering the diplomatic service, in which he served as ambassador to Spain and Turkey. Appointed ambassador to Britain (1898-1920), he spent his first years in smoothing over Anglo- French relations. His efforts were crowned by the signing of the Entente Cordiale in 1904. During World War I he continued to play a vital role in cooperation between the two allies.
Cambrai \kam-'bra. League of (1508-10) Alliance of Pope Julius II, Emperor Maximilian I, King Louis XII, and King Ferdinand V, formed in 1508. Ostensibly directed against the Turks, its actual aim was to attack the Republic of Venice and divide its possessions among the allies. The allies were unable to act together because of their individual ambitions, and the league collapsed in 1510, when the pope joined with Venice, while Ferdinand became neutral.
Cambrai \kam-'bra\, Treaty of or Paix des Dames Vpe-da-'damX (French: “Peace of the Ladies”) (August 3, 1529) Agreement ending one phase of the wars between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V, temporarily confirming Spanish (Habsburg) control in Italy. It was called the Paix des Dames because it was negotiated by Louise of Savoy (1476- 1531), mother of King Francis and regent in his absence, and Margaret of Austria, aunt of Charles and regent of the Netherlands. See also Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis.
Cambrian Period Oldest time division of the Paleozoic Era. During the Cambrian, 543^190 million years ago, there were widespread seas and several scattered landmasses. The largest continent was Gondwana. The average climate was probably warmer than today, with less variation between regions. There were no land plants or animals, but there were marine organisms with either shells or skeletons. Because the dominant animals were trilobites, the Cambrian is sometimes referred to as the Age of Trilobites.
Cambridge City and administrative district (pop., 2001: 108,878), east¬ ern England. It is the county seat of Cambridgeshire. Cambridge lies on the River Cam, a tributary of the Ouse, north of London. Originally a ford¬ ing site, Cambridge possesses earthworks and Roman remains. Two monastic foundations date from the 11th-12th centuries. Cambridge received its first charter in 1207. It is best known as the site of the Uni¬ versity of Cambridge, noted for its educational excellence and outstanding architecture. The city’s economy is linked to the university and its research and development services.
Corpus Christi College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
SHOSTAL
Cambridge City (pop., 2000: 101,355), northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. Adjacent to Boston, it was founded in 1630 as one of the Massachu¬ setts Bay Colony settlements. The first American institution of higher learning. Harvard College (see Harvard University), was founded here in 1636. George Washington took command of the Continental Forces at what is now Cambridge Common in 1775. In the 19th century it was the home of such literary leaders as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Rus¬ sell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes. The Massachusetts Institute of Tech¬ nology moved to Cambridge from Boston in 1916.
Cambridge, University of Autonomous institution of higher learn¬ ing in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England. Its beginnings lie in an exo¬ dus of scholars from the University of Oxford in 1209. Its first college was built in 1284, and the university was officially recognized by the pope in 1318. From 1511 Desiderius Erasmus did much to inculcate the new learning of the Renaissance at Cambridge. In 1546 Henry VIII founded Trinity College, which remains the largest of Cambridge’s 31 colleges. From 1669 Isaac Newton taught mathematics, giving this field a unique position there. In 1871 James Clerk Maxwell accepted the chair of experi¬ mental physics, beginning a leadership in physics that would continue into the next century. A host of world-renowned scholars in other fields have also taught at Cambridge, including John Maynard Keynes in economics and Stephen W. Hawking in applied mathematics and theoretical physics. Many of the university’s buildings, including the famous King’s College Chapel and two chapels designed by Christopher Wren, are rich in history and tradition. The library houses numerous important collections, and the Fitzwilliam Museum contains noteworthy collections of antiquities.
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318 I Cambridge Agreement ► Cameron
Cambridge Agreement Pledge made in Cambridge, England, in
1629 by Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Co. to emigrate to New England if the colony’s government could be transferred there. The company agreed and shifted control of the corporation to the signers of the agreement. John Winthrop was elected governor, and he set sail in
1630 with a large group of Puritan followers to settle in the Boston area (see Massachusetts Bay Colony).
Cambridge Platonists Vpla-t 3 n-ists\ Group of 17th-century British philosophic and religious thinkers. Led by Benjamin Whichcote (1609- 1683), it included Ralph Cudworth and Henry More (1614-1687) at Cam¬ bridge and Joseph Glanvill (1636-1680) at Oxford. Educated as Puritans, they reacted against the Calvinist emphasis on the arbitrariness of divine sovereignty. In their eyes, Thomas Hobbes and the Calvinists erred in mak¬ ing the voluntarist assumption (see voluntarism) that morality consists in obeying the will of a sovereign. Morality, they asserted, is essentially rational, and the good person’s virtue is grounded in an understanding of the eternal and immutable nature of goodness, which not even God can alter through sovereign power.
Cambridgeshire Vkam-brij-.shuA Administrative (pop., 2001: 552,655), geographic, and historic county, eastern England. Greatly enlarged in the government reorganization in 1974, Cambridgeshire now includes part of the former county of Huntingdonshire and the Isle of Ely; the county seat is Cambridge. Prehistoric tracks ring the fens; drainage was begun by the Romans. Major structures include Ely Cathedral and the buildings of the University of Cambridge. Cambridgeshire is crossed by two major rivers, the Nen and the Ouse, with its tributary the Cam.