Cameroon, Mount Volcanic massif, Cameroon. Rising to 13,435 ft (4,095 m), it is the highest peak in West Africa. Extending 14 mi (23 km) inland from the Gulf of Guinea, it is the westernmost extension of a series
of mountains that form a natural boundary between Cameroon and Nige¬ ria. Richard Burton climbed its summit in 1861. The volcano last erupted in 2000.
Camilla In Roman mythology, a legendary warrior maiden and favourite of Diana. According to Virgil, her father dedicated her to Diana and trained her as a hunter and warrior, and she led a band of warriors that included women. She fought against Aeneas and was killed as she chased a retreat¬ ing soldier.
Camillus \k3-'mil-3s\, Marcus Furius (d. 365 bc) Roman soldier and statesman. He allegedly defeated the Gauls after their sack of Rome (c. 390), for which he was honoured as the city’s second founder. Awarded four triumphs and made dictator five times, he enjoyed his greatest victory in 396, over the Etruscans at Veii. Though a patrician, he adopted reforms beneficial to the army and the plebeians (367).
Camisards Vkam-o-.zardzV Protestant militants in southern France who opposed Louis XIV’s persecution of Protestantism. The armed insurrection, which began in 1702, came in response to Louis’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes, ending religious toleration. The well-organized Camisards, so named for their white shirts (in French dialect, camisa ), fought success¬ fully and even held royal armies in check. In response, the government burned hundreds of villages and massacred their populations. By 1705, with many of the Camisard leaders captured and executed, the revolt had lost its force.
Camoes \k3-'m6i n sh\, Luis (Vaz) de (b. c. 1524/25, Lisbon—d. June 10, 1580, Lisbon) Portuguese poet. A member of the impoverished aris¬ tocracy, he may have spent about 17 years in India. His masterpiece, the epic The Lusiads (1572), extols glorious deeds in Portuguese history as it recounts Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. His numerous lyric pieces (together with many apocryphal poems) appeared posthumously in editions of the poetry collection Rimas (from 1595). He also wrote dramatic works, including Filodemo (1587), in which he devel¬ oped the auto , a kind of morality play, and the comedy The Two Amphi- tryons (1587). He had an unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature and is regarded as Portugal’s national poet.
camouflage Vka-mo-.flazhX Art and practice of concealment and visual deception in war. Its goal is to prevent enemy observation of installations, personnel, equipment, and activities. Camouflage came into wide use in World War I in response to air warfare. Aerial reconnaissance (and later aerial bombardment) required concealment of troops and equipment. By World War II, long-range bombing threatened warring countries in their entirety, and almost everything of military significance was hidden to some degree, using mottled, dull-coloured paint patterns (green, gray, or brown), cloth garnishing, netting, and natural foliage. Dummies and decoys, including fake vehicles and airfields, tricked enemy planes into bombing harmless targets. It remained an important technique after World War II, used with notable success by communist guerrilla units in the Vietnam War.
Camp David Rural retreat of U.S. presidents, northern Maryland. The scenic mountainous area (200 acres, or 81 hectares) was established as “Shangri-La” in 1942 by Pres. Franklin Roosevelt and made an official presidential retreat by Harry Truman in 1945. In 1953 Dwight D. Eisen¬ hower renamed it Camp David for his grandson. It has been the scene of a number of high-level presidential conferences with foreign heads of state. See also Camp David Accords.
Camp David Accords (1978) Two agreements reached between Men- achem Begin of Israel and Anwar el-Sadat of Egypt with the help of U.S. President Jimmy Carter at Camp David, Md., U.S. One agreement created a framework for negotiations to arrive at a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, formally ending some 30 years of being in a state of war. This treaty, normalizing relations, was signed in 1979 and led to the return of the Sinai Peninsula, occupied by Israel in the Six-Day War (1967), to Egypt. The other agreement created a framework for a broader peace in the region that included a plan for Palestinian self-rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The latter provisions were not implemented. See also Moshe Dayan.
Campania \kam-'pa-nya\ Region (pop., 2001 prelim.: 5,652,492), southern Italy. It is located on the Tyrrhenian Sea and occupies 5,249 sq mi (13,595 sq km). Its capital is Naples. Occupied successively by Greeks, Etruscans, and Samnites, Campania became an ally of Rome c. 350 bc. It was a favourite resort of the Romans, and it is noted for its natural beauty and famous old towns, including Cumae, Pompeii, Capua, Salemum, and
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
320 I campanile ► campion
Neapolis (Naples). After the fall of Rome, Campania was ruled by Gaul, Byzantium, and the Normans; it became part of the Kingdom of Naples in 1282. It was united with Italy in 1861. Its economy is bolstered by agriculture, the industrial area around Naples, and tourism.
campanile \,kam-p3- , ne-le\ Italian belltower, originally built beside or attached to a church. The earliest campaniles (7th-10th century) were plain round towers with a few small arched openings near the top; the Leaning Tower of Pisa is an elaborate version of this type. The Venetian form of campanile consisted of a tall, square, slim shaft, frequently tapered, with a belfry at the top, above which rose the spire, sometimes square as in the famous campanile of St. Mark's Basilica (1 Oth— 12th cen¬ tury, belfry story 1510). After falling out of favor during the Renaissance, the Venetian type was revived in the 19th century, often in connection with factories, housing, or collegiate buildings.
campanula See bellflower
Campbell, John Archibald (b. June 24, 1811, Washington, Ga., U.S.—d. March 12, 1889, Baltimore, Md.) U.S. jurist. After being admit¬ ted to the bar at age 18, he moved to Alabama, where he gained a large private practice and served in the state legislature. Appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1853, he became known as a strict constructionist; his tenure was notable for his concurrence in the Dred Scott decision. Although he opposed secession as imprudent, he resigned from the Supreme Court in 1861 and cast his lot with the South in the American Civil War, serving as assistant secretary of war for the Con¬ federacy. After the South’s surrender he was imprisoned for four months on false charges. Upon his release he moved to New Orleans, where he established a law practice.