Campbell, Joseph (b. March 26, 1904, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. Oct. 31, 1987, Honolulu, Hawaii) U.S. author of works on comparative mythology. He studied English literature and taught at Sarah Lawrence College. He explored the common functions of myths in human cultures, examining mythic archetypes in folklore and literature from around the world. His views, strongly influenced by Carl Gustav Jung, were popu¬ larized through a public-television series in the 1980s. His books include The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949) and The Masks of God (4 vol.,
1959-67).
Campbell, Kim orig. Avril Phaedra Campbell (b. March 10, 1947, Port Alberni, B.C., Can.) Prime minister of Canada (1993). She taught political science at the University of British Columbia and prac¬ ticed law for two years before turning to politics. In 1988 she was elected to the federal parliament as a Progressive Conservative. Under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, she became minister for Indian affairs (1989), attorney general (1990), and defense minister (1993). Upon Mulroney’s retirement in June 1993, she became Canada’s first female prime minis¬ ter and the first prime minister from the West Coast. Her tenure was brief; in November her party suffered a heavy defeat, and she resigned as party leader.
Campbell, Mrs. Patrick orig. Beatrice Stella Tanner (b. Feb. 9, 1865, London, Eng.—d. April 9, 1940, Pau, France) British actress. She married at age 19 and made her stage debut in 1888, winning fame as Paula in The Second Mrs. Tanqueray in 1893. She originated the role of Eliza Doolittle in George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion (1914), and she and Shaw conducted a famous correspondence for many years. She also achieved great success in Maurice Maeterlinck’s Pelleas and Melisande, Henrik Ibsen’s Ghosts, and Sophocles' Electra. She made her film debut in Riptide (1933) at age 68 and later appeared in several more films.
Campbell family Vkam-boL or Campbells of Argyll \ar-'gil\ Scottish noble family. The Campbells of Lochow gained prominence in the later Middle Ages. In 1457 Colin Campbell, Baron Campbell (died 1493), was created 1st earl of Argyll. Archibald (died 1558), 4th earl, was a leading Protestant. Archibald (15327-1573), 5th earl, was also a Prot¬ estant but supported the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots. Archibald (16077-1661), 8th earl, was the leader of Scotland’s anti-Royalist party in the English Civil Wars. His son Archibald (1629-1685), 9th earl, was a Protestant leader executed for his opposition to the Roman Catholic king James II. Archibald (16517-1703), 10th earl, regained the family estates and was created 1st duke of Argyll; he organized the massacre of the Macdonalds of Glencoe. John Campbell (1678-1743), 2nd duke, sup¬ ported union with England and was commander of the British forces in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715. Archibald (1682-1761), 3rd duke, was a
prominent politician during the early Hanoverian period in Britain. After he died without a legitimate heir, the succession passed to the Campbells of Mamore.
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry orig. Henry Campbell (b.
Sept. 7, 1836, Glasgow, Scot.—d. April 22, 1908, London, Eng.) British politician. A member of the House of Commons from 1868, he was elected leader of the Liberal Party in 1899 and served as prime minister (1905- OS). His popularity unified his badly divided party. Though much of his legislative program was nullified by the House of Lords, he obtained approval of the Trades Disputes Act of 1906. He took the lead in grant¬ ing self-government to the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony, thereby securing the Boers’ loyalty to the British Empire.
Campeche \kam-'pa-cha\ State (pop., 2000: 690,689), southeastern Mexico. Covering 19,619 sq mi (50,812 sq km), its capital is Campeche. Located on the Yucatan Peninsula, it is bounded by the Gulf of Mexico. Named for the ancient Mayan province of Kimpech (Campech), it com¬ prises much of the western part of the peninsula. Rivers in the southern part drain into Terminos Lagoon, at whose gulf entrance is the area’s chief depot, Ciudad del Carmen. Forest products and commercial fishing are important to the economy.
Campeche City (pop., 2000: 190,813), capital of Campeche state, Mexico. The Spanish town was founded in 1540 on the site of a Mayan village, the remains of which are still visible. It became the capital of the newly created Campeche state in 1863. It is a service centre for offshore oil drilling facilities.
Campeche, Bay of Inlet of the Gulf of Mexico. Bounded by the Yucatan Peninsula, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the southern part of the state of Veracruz, it covers about 6,000 sq mi (15,500 sq km). Major offshore oil fields were developed in the bay in the 1970s, and it became Mexico’s principal oil-producing region. In 1979 an accident at an oil well there released some 3 million barrels of crude oil into the gulf; the gov¬ ernment spent more than $100 million to bring the spill under control.
camphor Organic compound of the isoprenoid family. A white, waxy solid with a penetrating, somewhat musty aroma, it is obtained from the wood of the camphor laurel (see laurel family), Cinnamomum camphora (found in Asia), or produced synthetically from oil of turpentine. It has long been used in incense and as a medicinal. Modem applications include use as a plasticizer for cellulose nitrate, as a moth repellent, as a flavour¬ ing, in embalming, and in fireworks. Camphorated oil is 20% camphor in olive oil.
Campin Vkam-pin\, Robert (b. c. 1378, Tournai, Fr.—d. April 26, 1444, Tournai) Flemish painter. He is identified with the Master of Fle- malle on stylistic grounds. Documents show that Campin was a master painter in Tournai in 1406; two students are listed as entering his studio in 1427: Rogier van der Weyden and Jacques Daret. Campin’s principal surviving works are two large panels of an altarpiece once believed to have come from a nonexistent Abbey of Flemalle. The famous Merode Altarpiece, a triptych of the Annunciation formerly regarded as his mas¬ terpiece, is now thought to be by a member of his workshop or circle. Characterized by a naturalistic conception of form and a poetic represen¬ tation of the objects of daily life, Campin’s work marks the break with the prevailing International Gothic style and prefigures the achievements of the painters of the Northern Renaissance. Despite much uncertainty about his life and work, he was one of the most important and influential Flemish artists of the 15th century.
camping Recreational activity in which participants live outdoors, often in the wilderness, usually using tents, trailers, or motor homes, but some¬ times only a sleeping bag, for shelter. Modem camping originated near the end of the 19th century in the U.S. as a rough, back-to-nature pastime for hardy lovers of nature. Canoes were the original vehicle; bicycle camping soon followed. Camping was a major part of the programs of the Boy Scouts and Girl Guides (see scouting). It gained greatly in popular¬ ity after World War II. As the number of campgrounds with greater ameni¬ ties grew, it became the standard holiday for many ordinary families. Recent decades have seen its continued growth, to the point of placing a serious strain on the resources of state and federal outdoor-recreation areas. See also backpacking.
campion Any of the ornamental rock-garden or border plants that make up the genus Silene, of the pink family, consisting of about 500 species of herbaceous plants found throughout the world. The name is also applied
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Campion ► Canada Act I 321
to members of the genus Lychnis of the same family. Some species of Silene stand erect; others are spread¬ ing plants. The stems often are cov¬ ered with a sticky material. Some species have solitary flowers; others have branched clusters of red, white, or pink flowers. The fruit is a capsule.