Campion, Jane (b. April 30,
1954, Wellington, N.Z.) New Zealand film director. After training as a painter in Australia, she studied filmmaking and made several notable short films. Her first feature,
Sweetie (1989), was followed by the successful An Angel at My Table (1990). She wrote and directed the internationally acclaimed The Piano (1993) and directed The Portrait of a Lady (1996) and Holy Smoke (1999).
Campo Formio \,kam-p6-'f6r-me-o. Treaty of (Oct. 17, 1797) Peace settlement between France and Austria, signed at Campo Formio (now Campoformido, Italy) following Austria’s defeat in Napoleon’s first Italian campaign. The treaty preserved most of the French conquests and completed Napoleon’s victory over the First Coalition, the group of Euro¬ pean nations opposing him. See also French Revolutionary Wars.
Campobasso X.kam-po-'ba-soX City (pop., 2001 prelim.: 46,860), Italy. Located northeast of Naples, it is the capital of Mouse autonomous region. The old hill town was abandoned in 1732 when its inhabitants built a new town on a lower fertile plain. The old town still has a medieval castle and Romanesque churches; the new town has an archaeological museum.
Campylobacter Vkam-pi-lo-.bak-taiA Genus of gram-negative spiral¬ shaped bacteria infecting mammals. Many species, especially C. fetus , cause miscarriage in sheep and cattle. C. jejuni is a common cause of food poisoning. Sources include meats (particularly chicken) and unpas¬ teurized milk. Infection causes acute gastroenteritis, fever, headache, and joint and muscle pain; nerve damage and death may occur in severe cases.
Camus \ka-'mie\, Albert (b. Nov. 7, 1913, Mondovi, Alg.—d. Jan. 4, 1960, near Sens, France) Algerian-French novelist, essayist, and play¬ wright. Born into a working-class family, Camus graduated from the uni¬ versity in Algiers and then worked with a theatrical company, becoming associated with leftist causes. He spent the war years in Paris, and the French Resistance brought him into the circle of Jean-Paul Sartre and exis¬ tentialism. He became a leading literary figure with his enigmatic first novel, The Stranger (1942), a study of 20th-century alienation, and the philosophical essay “The Myth of Sisyphus” (1942), an analysis of con¬ temporary nihilism and the concept of the absurd. The Plague (1947), his allegorical second novel, and “The Rebel” (1951), another long essay, developed related issues. Other major works include the short-story col¬ lection Exile and the Kingdom (1957) and the posthumous autobiographi¬ cal novel The First Man (1994). His plays include Le Malentendu (1944) and Caligula (1944). Camus won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957. He died in a car accident.
Canaan Vka-naM Ancient name for an area of shifting boundaries but centred on Palestine. Coastal Canaanite civilization dates to the Paleolithic Period; towns developed in Neolithic times (c. 7000-4000 bc). The name appears in writings from the 15th century bc. Invaded by the Hebrews (c. 1200 bc), who settled in southern areas, it was later invaded by the Phi¬ listines. In the 10th century bc the Israelites, under King David, broke Phi¬ listine power, and Canaan became thereafter the Land of Israel, the “Promised Land” of the biblical book of Exodus.
Canada Country, North America. Area: 3,855,103 sq mi (9,984,670 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 32,227,000. Capitaclass="underline" Ottawa. People of Brit¬ ish and French descent constitute more than half the population; there are significant minorities of Chinese, South Asian, German, Italian, American Indian, and Inuit (Eskimo) origin. Languages: English, French (both offi¬ cial). Religions: Christianity (mostly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, other Christians, Eastern Orthodox); also Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Bud¬ dhism. Currency: Canadian dollar. Canada may be divided into several physiographic regions. A large interior basin centred on Hudson Bay and covering nearly four-fifths of the country is composed of the Canadian
Shield, the interior plains, and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence lowlands. Rimming the basin are highland regions, including the Arctic Archipelago. Mountain ranges include the Rocky, Coast, and Laurentian mountains. Canada’s highest peak is Mount Logan (19,551 ft [5,959 m]) in Yukon Ter¬ ritory. Five of Canada’s rivers—the St. Lawrence, Mackenzie, Yukon, Fraser, and Nelson —rank among the world’s 40 longest. In addition to Lakes Superior and Huron, both shared with the U.S., Canada’s Great Bear and Great Save lakes are among the world’s 11 largest lakes in area. The country also includes several major islands, including Baffin, Ellesmere, Victoria, Newfoundand, and Melville, and many small ones. Its border with the U.S., the longest border in the world not patrolled by military forces, extends 5,525 mi (8,890 km). With a developed market economy that is export-directed and closely linked with that of the U.S., Canada is one of the world’s most prosperous countries. It is a parliamentary state with two legislative houses; its chief of state is the British monarch, whose repre¬ sentative is Canada’s governor-general, and the head of government is the prime minister. Originally inhabited by American Indians and Inuit, Canada was visited c. ad 1000 by Scandinavian explorers, whose settle¬ ment is confirmed by archaeological evidence from Newfoundland. Fish¬ ing expeditions off Newfoundland by the English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese began as early as 1500. The French claim to Canada was made in 1534 when Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence. A small settlement was made in Nova Scotia (Acadia) in 1604, and by 1608 Samuel de Champain had reached Quebec. Fur trading was the impetus behind the early colonizing efforts. In response to French activity, the English in 1670 formed the Hudson's Bay Company. The British-French rivalry for the inte¬ rior of upper North America lasted almost a century. The first French loss occurred in 1713 at the conclusion of Queen Anne's War (War of the Span¬ ish Succession), when Nova Scotia and Newfoundland were ceded to the British. The Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) resulted in France’s expulsion from continental North America in 1763. After the American Revolution Canada’s population was augmented by loyalists fleeing the United States, and the increasing number arriving in Quebec led the Brit¬ ish to divide the colony into Upper and Lower Canada in 1791. The British reunited the two provinces in 1841. Canadian expansionism resulted in the confederation movement of the mid-19th century, and in 1867 the Domin¬ ion of Canada, comprising Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario, came into existence. After confederation, Canada entered a period of westward expansion. The prosperity that accompanied Canada into the 20th century was marred by continuing conflict between the English and French communities. Through the Statute of Westminster (1931), Canada was recognized as an equal partner of Great Britain. With the Canada Act of 1982, the British gave Canada total control over its con¬ stitution and severed the remaining legal connections between the two countries. French Canadian unrest continued to be a major concern, with a movement growing for Quebec separatism in the late 20th century. Ref- erendums for more political autonomy for Quebec were rejected in 1992 and 1995, but the issue remained unresolved. In 1999 Canada formed the new territory of Nunavut. See map on following page.
Canadian Prime Ministers
John A. Macdonald
1867-73
W. L. Mackenzie King
1935-48
Alexander Mackenzie
1873-78
Louis St. Laurent
1948-57
John A. Macdonald
1878-91
John G. Diefenbaker
1957-63
John Abbott
1891-92
Lester B. Pearson
1963-68
John Thompson
1892-94
Pierre Elliott Trudeau
1968-79
Mackenzie Bowell
1894-96
Joseph Clark
1979-80
Charles Tupper
1896
Pierre Elliott Trudeau
1980-84
Wilfred Laurier