Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenell, 7th earl of (b. Oct. 16, 1797, Hambleden, Buckinghamshire, Eng.—d. March 27/28, 1868, Deene Park, Northamptonshire) British general. After entering the army (1824), he purchased promotions to become a lieutenant colonel (1832) and gained a reputation as a martinet. He spent his inherited wealth to make his regiment the best-dressed in the service (introducing the later-named cardigan jacket). At the outbreak of the Crimean War (1853), he was appointed commander of the Light Brigade of British cavalry, which he led in the ill-fated charge at the Battle of Balaklava. Despite the disaster, Cardigan was lionized on his return to England and appointed inspector general of cavalry.
Cardigan Bay Bay, western Wales. A widemouthed inlet of St. George's Channel, it is about 65 mi (105 km) long. Two national parks, Snowdonia and Pembrokeshire Coast, incorporate substantial stretches of shoreline. Many resort towns line the bay, including Aberystwyth and Fish¬ guard, a base for ferry service between Wales and Ireland.
Cardin \kar-'da n \, Pierre (b. July 7, 1922, Venice, Italy) French fash¬ ion designer. At age 17 he went to Vichy to become a tailor at a men’s shop. After World War II he joined the Parisian fashion house of Paquin
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and designed the costumes for Jean Cocteau’s film Beauty and the Beast (1945). In 1959 he created the first ready-to-wear collection for women ever presented by a top designer and in 1960 introduced the first designer ready-to-wear collection for men. He showed himself a master of the bias cut, soft semifitted lines, and lavish colour. In the late 1960s his stark, short tunics, and his use of vinyl, helmets, and goggles launched the Space Age look. His men’s clothing influenced other designers, including Bill Blass.
cardinal Member of the Sacred College of Cardinals. The cardinals’ duties include electing the pope, acting as his principal counselors, and aiding in the governance of the Roman Catholic Church. Cardinals serve as officers of the Roman Curia, bishops of major dioceses, and papal envoys. Since 769 only cardinals have been eligible to become pope, and since 1059 the pope has been elected only by cardinals. The first cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of Rome. Their present-day successors are known as cardinal deacons. Cardinal bishops are the successors of the bishops of the sees just outside Rome and of the patriarchal sees of the Eastern Catholic Church. Cardinal priests are the bishops of important sees around the world and constitute the most numerous order of cardi¬ nals. The number of cardinals was limited to 70 for nearly 400 years until 1958, when John XXIII (1958-63) eliminated the restriction. Under Paul VI (1963-78) there were 145 cardinals, and under John Paul II (1978— 2005) there were 182. With the increase in the size of the cardinalate came new restrictions imposed by the popes. Paul VI directed that cardinals who do not resign by age 75 relinquish the right to vote for a pope when they reach 80. He also limited the number of voting cardinals to 120, a restriction confirmed during the pontificate of John Paul II. A red biretta and ring are symbolic of the office.
cardinal or redbird Songbird ( Cardinalis cardinalis, family Fring- illidae or Emberizidae) of North America, primarily east of the Rocky Mountains. It is 8 in. (20 cm) long and has a pointed crest. The male is bright red, the female a duller red or olive-brown. Pairs of cardinals utter loud, clear whistling notes year- round in gardens and open wood¬ lands. They feed on insects, wild seeds, and fruits. Cardinals are espe¬ cially abundant in the southeastern U.S. and have been introduced into Hawaii, southern California, and Bermuda. Related species also called cardinals live in South America.
cardinal flower Any of several closely related species of the genus Lobelia, perennial plants of the lobelia family, native to North and Central America. All bear spikes of scarlet, lipped flowers on leafy stems up to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall. L. cardinalis and L. splendens, considered to be one spe¬ cies by some authorities, are taller than L. fulgens, the Central American parent species of the garden cardinal flower. The blue cardinal (L. siphi- litica) is smaller than the others and has blue or whitish flowers.
carding In yarn production, a process of separating individual fibres, causing many of them to lie parallel and removing most of the remaining impurities. Cotton, wool, waste silk, and man-made staple are subjected to carding. Carding produces a thin sheet of uniform thickness that is then condensed to form a thick, continuous, untwisted strand called sliver. When very fine yarns are desired, carding is followed by combing, a pro¬ cess that removes short fibres, leaving a sliver composed entirely of long fibres, all laid parallel and smoother and more lustrous than uncombed types. Carded and combed sliver is then spun.
carding machine Machine for carding textile fibres. In the 18th cen¬ tury, hand carding was laborious and constituted a bottleneck in the newly mechanized production of textiles. Several inventors worked to develop machines to perform the task, notably John Kay, Oliver Evans, Lewis Paul, R. Arkwright, and Johann Bodmer.
cardiology Medical specialty dealing with heart diseases and disorders. It began with the 1749 publication by Jean Baptiste de Senac of contem¬ porary knowledge of the heart. Diagnostic methods improved in the 19th century, and in 1905 the electrocardiograph was invented. The 20th cen¬ tury saw many surgical advances in cardiology, including heart transplants and the use of artificial hearts. Current diagnostic methods include chest
percussion (tapping) and auscultation, electrocardiography, and echocar¬ diography (see ultrasound). Cardiologists provide continuing care of heart patients, doing basic heart-function studies, supervising therapy, includ¬ ing drug therapy, and working closely with heart surgeons.
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Emergency procedure to restore breathing and circulation in an unconscious person. A trained res¬ cuer opens the airway and confirms the absence of breathing and pulse. Resuscitation itself consists of alternating mouth-to-mouth breathing (see artificial respiration) and repeated pressure on the chest to circulate the blood.
cardiovascular system System of vessels that convey blood to and from tissues throughout the body, bringing nutrients and oxygen and removing wastes and carbon dioxide. It is essentially a long, closed tube through which blood moves in a double circuit—one through the lungs (pulmonary circulation) and one through the rest of the body (systemic circulation). The heart pumps blood through the arteries, which branch into smaller arterioles, which feed into microscopic capillaries (see artery; capillary). These converge to form small venules, which join to become larger veins, generally following the same path as the arteries back to the heart. Cardiovascular diseases include atherosclerosis, congenital and rheumatic heart disease, and vascular inflammation.
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (b. June 18, 1931, Rio de Janeiro, Braz.) President of Brazil (1995-2003). Born into a wealthy military fam¬ ily, he taught sociology at the University of Sao Paulo and was a promi¬ nent member of the left-wing intellectual opposition when Brazil was under military rule, though he turned more centrist after civilian rule was restored. In 1993 he became finance minister and supervised the creation of the Real Plan, an effective anti-inflation package that helped him gain the presidency in 1994. He worked for privatization of state-owned com¬ panies and increased foreign investment. In 1998 he became the first president in Brazilian history to be reelected. A foreign-exchange crisis in 1999 damaged Brazil’s growth prospects.