Cardozo, Benjamin (Nathan) (b. May 24, 1870, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. July 9, 1938, Port Chester)
U.S. jurist. Born into a distinguished Jewish family, he was admitted to the New York bar in 1891 and became a successful courtroom lawyer.
Elected to the state Supreme Court as a reform candidate (1913), he was quickly promoted to the Court of Appeals. During his tenure many thought the quality of the appellate bench exceeded that of the U.S.
Supreme Court. He influenced the trend in U.S. appellate judging toward greater involvement in pub¬ lic policy and consequent modern¬ ization of legal principles. He was both a creative common-law judge and a notable legal essayist.
Appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1932, he usually voted with liberals Louis Brandeis and Harlan Fiske Stone. He wrote the majority opinion upholding the con¬ stitutionality of the Social Security Act (1937). In a 1937 case on double jeopardy, he held that the states were not required to implement all the provisions of the Bill of Rights, a position that became known as “selec¬ tive incorporation.” He served on the Supreme Court until 1938. The law school at Yeshiva University is named for him.
cards, playing See playing cards
Carducci \kar-'du-che\, Giosue (b. July 27, 1835, Val di Castello, near Lucca, Tuscany—d. Feb. 16, 1907, Bologna, Italy) Italian poet. He taught literary history in Bologna for 40 years and in later years served as a sena¬ tor. He opposed the prevailing Romanticism and advocated a return to classical models of prosody, but his rhetorical tirades provoked resistance to reform. His best volumes of verse, The New Lyrics and The Barbarian Odes (1887), contain evocations of landscape, memories of childhood, and representations of the glory of ancient Rome. Regarded in his time as Italy’s national poet, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906.
Benjamin Cardozo.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D.C.
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
336 I Careme ► Carissimi
Careme \ka-'rem\, Marie-Antoine (b. June 8, 1784, Paris, Fr.—d. Jan. 12, 1833, Paris) French chef. Born into a poor family, he attained employment in a pastry shop frequented by Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand. He served as Talleyrand’s chef for 12 years and subsequently created grandiose dishes and elaborately sculpted confections for the most splen¬ did households of Europe, including those of the young George IV, Tsar Alexander I, and the baron de Rothschild. He wrote several classics of grande cuisine.
Carew, Rod in full Rodney Cline Carew (b. Oct. 1, 1945, Gatun, Pan.) Panamanian-born U.S. baseball player. Carew moved from Panama to New York City in 1962, where he learned sandlot ball. Playing for the Minnesota Twins (1967-78), he became one of the great hitters of the modern era and led the American League in batting seven times between 1969 and 1978. His highest average was .388, in 1977. He was traded in 1979 to the California (later Anaheim) Angels and retired in 1986 with a lifetime batting average of .328.
Carey, Peter (Philip) (b. May 7, 1943, Bacchus Marsh, Vic., Austl.) Australian writer. He worked as an advertising copywriter and at other odd jobs until 1988, when he became a full-time writer. His short-story collection The Fat Man in History (1974) contains macabre elements. His novels, more realistic but laced with black humour, include Bliss (1981), Illywhacker (1985), Oscar and Lucinda (1988, Booker Prize), The Unusual Life of Tristan Smith (1994), Jack Maggs (1997), and True His¬ tory of the Kelly Gang (2000; Booker Prize, 2001).
cargo cult Any religious movement based on the observation by local residents of the delivery of supplies by ship and aircraft to colonial offi¬ cials. Cargo cults were observed chiefly in Melanesia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were characterized by the expectation of a new age of blessing and prosperity to be initiated by the arrival of a special “cargo” of goods from supernatural sources. Such beliefs may have expressed traditional millennial ideas, often revived by the teaching of Christian missions.
Caria \'kar-e-o\ Ancient district, southern Anatolia. It was one of the most thoroughly Hellenized districts in ancient Anatolia; its territory included Greek cities along the shore of the Aegean Sea and a mountain¬ ous interior bounded by Lydia, Phrygia, and Lycia. Absorbed first by Lydia, it later was annexed (4th century bc) by the Persian Achaemenian Empire, one of whose governors, Mausolus, transferred its capital from Mylasa to Halicarnassus. Taken from Persia in 334 bc by Alexander the Great, it was incorporated into the Roman province of Asia in 129 bc.
Carib Vkar-ob\ American Indian people who inhabited the Lesser Antilles and parts of the South American coast at the time of the Spanish conquest. The Island Carib (now extinct) were a warlike, individualistic people who reportedly practiced cannibalism (the term derives from their name). Carib groups on the mainland, some of whom still survive, lived in the Guianas and as far south as the Amazon River; they subsisted by hunting and grow¬ ing crops and were less aggressive than their island relatives.
Cariban Vkar-e-bonN languages Large family of South American Indian languages. It has an estimated 43 members; nearly half are now extinct, and most of the remainder have very few speakers. Most Cariban languages are spoken in southern Venezuela, the Guianas, and Brazil north of the Amazon, though several have strayed far from this area. Cariban incursions into the mainly ARAWAKAN-speaking Antilles at the time of Columbus provided European languages with the words Carib (hence, Caribbean) and cannibal, both perhaps from a proto-Cariban form mean¬ ing “Indian, person.”
Caribbean Sea Arm of the Atlantic Ocean. It covers about 1,049,500 sq mi (2,718,200 sq km) and washes the northern coast of South America, eastern Central America, and eastern Mexico. It reaches its greatest known depth, about 25,000 ft (7,500 m), in Cayman Trench, between Cuba and Jamaica. Its generally tropical climate varies, depending on mountain elevations, water currents, and trade winds. The economies of its island countries, including Saint Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, Saint Lucia, and Barbados, are greatly dependent on tourism; the region is one of the world’s principal winter resort areas. See map on opposite page.
caribe See piranha
caribou Vkar-o-.biiX Arctic deer ( Rangifer tarandus) of the tundra, taiga, and forests, native to North America and northern Eurasia from Scandi¬ navia to eastern Siberia. Both sexes have antlers. Caribou stand 2.3—4.6
ft (0.7-1.4 m) tall at the shoulder and weigh up to 660 lbs (300 kg); domesticated races are about the size of donkeys. They are usually gray¬ ish or brownish with lighter underparts but may be whitish or nearly black. Their herds are famous for their seasonal migration between summer and winter ranges. Their staple winter food is a lichen, popularly called rein¬ deer moss, which they reach by scraping the snow away with their feet. In summer they also eat grasses and saplings. See also reindeer.
caricature Vkar-i-ko-.chuA Comically distorted drawing or likeness intended to satirize or ridicule its subject. The word, derived from the Italian caricare (“to load or charge”), was probably coined by the Car¬ racci family, who defended the practice as a counterpart to idealization. In the 18th century the caricature became connected with journalism and was put to virulent use by political commentators. In the 1880s photo-process engraving made it possible to produce and illustrate daily newpapers cheaply, bringing caricatures to the general public. In the 20th century caricature increasingly moved into the editorial, sports, and theatrical sec¬ tions of newspapers. Important caricaturists include Jacques Callot, George Cruikshank, Honore Daumier, Gustave Dore, and Al Hirschfeld.
caries \'kar-ez\ or tooth decay Localized disease that causes decay and cavities in teeth. It begins at the tooth’s surface and may penetrate the dentin and the pulp cavity. Microorganisms in the mouth are believed to consume sugars and produce acids that eat away at tooth enamel. The dentin’s protein structure is then destroyed by enzymes. Diet, general health, structural tooth defects, and heredity affect the risk of having car¬ ies. Prevention involves avoiding excessive sweets, brushing and flossing the teeth, and having regular dental care. Treatment includes restoration of teeth with cavities. Fluoridation of water can reduce the occurrence of caries by as much as 65%.