carillon \'kar-3-,lan\ Musical instrument consisting of at least 23 cast bronze bells tuned in chromatic order. Usually located in a tower, it is played from a keyboard. Most carillons encompass three to four octaves. The carillon originated in Flanders c. 1480, and the art of carillon build¬ ing reached its height in the Netherlands in the 17th century, when the tuning of the bells became highly refined.
Carillon clavier
GILLETT & JOHNSTON (CROYDON) LIMITED
Carinthia See Karnten
Carissimi Vka-'res-se-meX, Giacomo (baptized April 18, 1605, Marino, near Rome—d. Jan. 12, 1674, Rome) Italian composer. He worked as maestro di cappella at the Collegio Germanico in Rome, a musically important post at a notable Jesuit institution, from 1629 until
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Carl XVI Gustaf ► Carlsbad Decrees I 337
made him the principal oratorio composer of the mid-17th century. He also wrote some 150 cantatas and nearly 100 motets.
Carl XVI Gustaf Swedish Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus (b. April 30, 1946, Stockholm, Swed.) King of Sweden from 1973. Grandson of King Gustav VI Adolf (1882-1973), he became crown prince in 1950, his father having died in 1947. After studying at military schools, he became a naval officer. His accession occurred at a time when the role of the Swedish monarchy was being radically altered; the new constitutional laws of 1973 left the king with a solely symbolic function rather than a formal role in the country’s administration.
Carleton, Guy See Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester
Carleton Vkar-ol-tonN College Private liberal arts college in North- field, Minn., founded in 1866. It offers a variety of undergraduate majors. Small classes and opportunities to participate in faculty research projects attract a select student body, most from out of state. The academic year is based on three 10-week trimesters, with each student typically enroll¬ ing in three courses per trimester.
Carlisle \kar-'l!l\ City, administrative district (pop., 2001: 100,734), and seat of the administrative county of Cumbria, northwestern England. It was founded as Luguvallium by the Romans on the River Eden opposite a for¬ tified camp on the line of Hadrian's Wall. Destroyed by Norse invaders c. 875, it was restored when claimed from the Scots by William II in 1092. Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned there in 1568. It was besieged dur¬ ing the English Civil Wars, and its Royalist defenders eventually surren¬ dered to Parliamentary forces in 1645. Its cotton textile industry grew in the 18th—19th centuries, and it has remained the centre of northern England’s cotton industry.
Law (introduced into Spain in 1713), which excluded females from the royal succession. The disputed succession led to several unsuccessful civil rebellions, known as the Carlist Wars (1833-39, 1872-76). Later adher¬ ents of Carlism formed the Traditionalist Party (1918), which merged with the Faiange in 1937.
Carlowitz Vkar-b-,vits\, Treaty of (1699) Peace settlement that ended hostilities (1683-99) between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League (Austria, Poland, Venice, and Russia). Signed at Carlowitz (now Sremski Karlovci), near Belgrade, it significantly diminished Turkish influence in eastern Europe and made Austria the dominant power there. Austria received most of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia. Venice acquired most of Dalmatia, and Poland regained Podolia and part of Ukraine. The Russians concluded a two-year armistice at Carlowitz, sign¬ ing a treaty in 1700 that gave Azov to Russia, though the Turks regained Azov in 1711.
Carlsbad See Karlovy Vary
Carlsbad Caverns National Park Preserve, southeastern New Mexico, U.S. Established as a national monument in 1923 and as a national park in 1930, it covers 73 sq mi (189 sq km). Beneath the sur¬ face winds a maze of underground chambers; one of the largest caverns ever discovered, the Big Room, is about 2,000 ft (600 m) long and 1,100 ft (330 m) wide, and its ceiling arches 255 ft (78 m) above the floor. In the summer a colony of bats inhabits a part of the caverns known as Bat Cave.
Carlsbad Decrees (Aug. 6-31, 1819) Resolutions issued by German leaders to suppress liberal and nationalistic tendencies. Meeting at Carls¬ bad, Bohemia (now Karlovy Vary, Cz.Rep.), the conference of ministers
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
338 I Carlsson ► Carnegie Hall
from the major German states agreed to Prince von Metternich’s propos¬ als advocating censorship, the disbanding of the Burschenschaft groups, and the creation of a commission to ferret out conspiratorial organiza¬ tions. In the long run, the repressive decrees failed to stifle German nation¬ alism or liberal developments.
Carlsson, Arvid (b. Jan. 25, 1923, Uppsala, Swed.) Swedish pharma¬ cologist. He received his M.D. from the University of Lund. Carlsson established that dopamine is an important neurotransmitter, showing that high levels of dopamine are found in areas of the brain that control walk¬ ing and other voluntary movements. He determined that levodopa, a sub¬ stance that the brain uses to make dopamine, could be employed as a treatment for parkinsonism. His work also contributed to an understanding of the relationship between neurotransmitters and mental states such as clinical depression, which led to new antidepressant drugs, including Prozac. Along with Eric Kandel and Paul Greengard, Carlsson was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2000.
Carlton, Steve in full Steven Norman Carlton (b. Dec. 22,1944, Miami, Fla., U.S.) U.S. baseball pitcher. Carlton pitched in junior college before signing with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1965. A left-handed pitcher, he won 20 or more games in a single season six times and was a four-time Cy Young Award winner for best pitcher. He played for the Cardinals (1966-70), the Philadelphia Phillies (1971-83), and several other teams. His career total of 4,136 strikeouts is second only to that of Nolan Ryan.
Carlyle, Thomas (b. Dec. 4, 1795, Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, Scot.—d. Feb. 5, 1881, London,
Eng.) Scottish historian and essayist.
The son of a mason, Carlyle was reared in a strict Calvinist household and educated at the University of Edinburgh. He moved to London in 1834. An energetic, irritable, fiercely independent idealist, he became a leading moral force in Victorian lit¬ erature. His humorous essay “Sartor Resartus” (1836) is a fantastic hodge¬ podge of autobiography and German philosophy. The French Revolution,
3 vol. (1837), perhaps his greatest achievement, contains outstanding set pieces and character studies. On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841) showed his reverence for strength, particularly when combined with the conviction of a God-given mission. He later pub¬ lished a study of Oliver Cromwell (1845) and a huge biography of Fre¬ derick the Great, 6 vol. (1858-65).
Carmarthen Vkor-'mar-thonV Town (pop., 2001: 13,130), administra¬ tive centre of the county of Carmarthenshire, southern Wales. It lies on the Afon Tywi above the mouth of the Bristol Channel. Both the Romans and Normans built strongholds there. An Augustinian priory dating from the Norman period once housed the Black Book of Carmarthen (c. 1250), which is the oldest Welsh manuscript extant.
Carmelite Mendicant order of the Roman Catholic church. It originated c. 1155 on Mount Carmel in Palestine, where a number of former pil¬ grims and crusaders began to live as hermits. Their rule was written by St. Albert, Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, and approved by Pope Honorius III in 1226. As Muslim incursions made Palestine increasingly unsafe, the Carmelites scattered to Cyprus, Sicily, France, and England. In England and Western Europe the order transformed itself from a group of hermits into one of mendicant friars. The first institution of Carmelite nuns was founded in 1452. St. Teresa of Avila and St. John of the Cross reempha¬ sized the strictness and austerity of Carmelite traditions, establishing Dis¬ eased (barefoot) Carmelite orders in 1562 and 1569, which gave rise to an independent order in 1593. Both the reformed and the original orders suffered greatly during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era, but they were later restored in most of Western Europe as well as in the Middle East, Latin America, and the U.S.