Carmichael, Hoagy orig. Hoagland Howard Carmichael (b.
Nov. 22, 1899, Bloomington, Ind., U.S.—d. Dec. 27, 1981, Rancho
Mirage, Calif.) U.S. songwriter. While studying law in Indiana, he met many jazz musicians, including Bix Beiderbecke, who recorded Carmicha¬ el’s first composition, “Riverboat Shuffle” (1924). The relaxed tuneful¬ ness of later songs such as “Georgia (Georgia on My Mind),” “Rockin’ Chair,” and “Lazy River” gave them a universal appeal. For Hollywood films he wrote “Thanks for the Memory,” “Two Sleepy People,” “Heart and Soul,” and “In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening” (1951, Acad¬ emy Award). His “Stardust” is reputedly the most recorded popular song of all time. He acted in several films, including To Have and Have Not (1944) and Young Man with a Horn (1950), and wrote the memoirs The Stardust Road (1946) and Sometimes I Wonder (1965).
Carmona \kar-'mo-n3\, Antonio Oscar de Fragoso (b. Nov. 24, 1869, Lisbon, Port.—d. April 18, 1951, Lisbon) Portuguese general and politician. A career officer, he rose to the rank of general by 1922. He took part in the army coup of May 1926 and became premier later that year. He ruled as a virtual dictator before calling for a plebiscite; elected president, he served from 1928 to 1951, acting as a symbol of political continuity after he named Antonio de Oliveira Salazar premier in 1932.
Carnap, Rudolf (b. May 18, 1891, Ronsdorf, Ger.—d. Sept. 14, 1970, Santa Monica, Calif., U.S.) German-born U.S. philosopher. He earned a doctorate in physics at the University of Jena in 1921. In 1926 he was invited to join the faculty of the University of Vienna, where he soon became an influential member of a group of philosophers, mathemati¬ cians, and scientists known as the Vienna Circle. Out of their discussions developed the basic ideas of logical positivism. Carnap immigrated to the U.S. in 1935 and taught at the University of Chicago (1936-52). After two years at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton (1952-54), he joined the faculty of the University of California at Los Angeles, where he remained until his death. Carnap sought to give the basic thesis of empiricism —that all concepts and beliefs about the world ultimately derive from immediate experience—a precise interpretation, construing it as a logical thesis about the evidential grounding of empirical knowledge. For Carnap, empiricism is the doctrine that the terms and sentences that express assertions about the world are “reducible” in a clearly specifiable sense to terms and sentences describing the immediate data of experience. His major works include The Logical Structure of the World (1928), The Logical Syntax of Language (1934), Introduction to Semantics (1942), Meaning and Necessity (1947), and The Logical Foundations of Prob¬ ability (1950).
carnation Herbaceous plant (. Dianthus caryophyllus) of the pink family, native to the Mediterranean, widely cultivated for its fringe-petaled, often spicy-smelling flowers. Border, or garden, carnations include a range of varieties and hybrids. The perpetual flowering carnation, taller and stouter, produces larger flowers and blooms almost continuously in the green¬ house; miniature (baby) and spray varieties are also grown for the florist trade. Carnations are among the most popular cut flowers, used in floral arrangements, corsages, and boutonnieres.
carnauba wax Very hard wax obtained from fronds of the carnauba tree, Copernicia cerifera, a fan palm of Brazil. During the regular dry sea¬ sons in Brazil, where it is called the tree of life, the carnauba palm protects its fanlike fronds from loss of moisture by secreting a coat of carnauba wax. Carnauba has been used in high-gloss polishes, phonograph records, and explosives. Synthetics have replaced it for many applications.
Carne \kar-'na\, Marcel (b. Aug. 18, 1906, Paris, France—d. Oct. 31, 1996, Clamart) French film director. He worked as an assistant director before directing his first feature, Jenny (1936). This success was followed by Bizarre, Bizarre (1937), Port of Shadows (1938), and Daybreak (1939), works of poetic realism that were the fruit of his collaboration with screen¬ writer Jacques Prevert. During the Nazi occupation he made The Devil’s Envoys (1942) and later his masteipiece, The Children of Paradise (1945), which chronicled life in the theatre and celebrated the French spirit. His work declined after his breakup with Prevert in 1948.
Carnegie Hall Concert hall in New York, N.Y., U.S. It was endowed by the industrialist Andrew Carnegie at the insistence of the conductor Walter Damrosch (1862-1950). Designed in a Neo-Italian Renaissance style by William Burnet Tuthill, it opened in 1891, with Pyotr Tchaikovsky as guest of honour. Threatened by destruction in the late 1950s, it was saved by a public outcry and purchased by the city. It was extensively renovated in 1982-86. Admired for its beauty and its superb acoustics, it seats almost 2,800 people and has long been the most famous concert hall in the U.S.
Carlyle, detail of an oil painting by G.F. Watts, 1877; in the National Por¬ trait Gallery, London
COURTESY OF THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY, LONDON
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Carnegie Mellon University ► Carnot cycle I 339
Carnegie Mellon University Private university in Pittsburgh, Penn¬ sylvania, U.S. It was formed in 1967 through the merger of the Carnegie Institute of Technology (created in 1900 through a gift from Andrew Car¬ negie) and the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research (founded in 1913 through a gift from Andrew W. Mellon). It comprises schools of technol¬ ogy, science, computer science, humanities and social sciences, fine arts, public policy, and industrial administration. It has built a reputation as an arts centre, operating three galleries, two concert halls, and two theatres.
I
Carnegie \kar-'ne-ge, 'kar-no-geX, Andrew (b. Nov. 25, 1835, Dun¬ fermline, Fife, Scot.—d. Aug. 11,
1919, Lenox, Mass., U.S.) U.S. industrialist and philanthropist. The son of a Scottish weaver, he emi¬ grated to the U.S. with his family in 1848. A job in a telegraph office led to his early career with the Pennsyl¬ vania Railroad Co., and his canny investments made him wealthy by age 30. In 1872-73 he founded the steelworks near Pittsburgh, Pa., that evolved into the Carnegie Steel Co. in 1889. By adopting technological innovations such as the open-hearth furnace and by increasing efficiency through vertical integration, Carnegie built a vast enterprise that dominated the U.S. steel industry. In 1901 he sold his company to J.P. Morgan, and it became part of U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie Believing that the affluent were brown brothers obliged to use their surplus wealth
for the improvement of mankind, Carnegie retired to devote himself to philanthropy, giving hundreds of millions of dollars to libraries and uni¬ versities, including Carnegie Mellon University, and endowing such orga¬ nizations as the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh and the Carnegie Corp. of New York, the largest of all his foundations.
Carnegie, Dale orig. Dale Carnegey (b. Nov. 24, 1888, Maryville, Mo., U.S.—d. Nov. 1, 1955, Forest Hills, N.Y.) U.S. lecturer and author. Born into poverty, he worked as a traveling salesman and an actor before he began teaching public speaking at a YMCA in New York City in 1912. His classes were extremely successful, and he was soon lecturing to packed houses. To standardize his teaching methods he began publishing pamphlets, which he collected into book form as Public Speaking: A Practical Course for Business Men (1926). His hugely popular How To Win Friends and Influence People (1936) won him a national following; like most of his books, it reveals little that was unknown about human psychology but stresses that an individual’s attitude is crucial. The Dale Carnegie Institute subsequently established hundreds of chapters through¬ out the country.