Carrickfergus X.kar-ik-'for-gosN District (pop., 2001: 37,659), north¬ eastern Northern Ireland. Established in 1974, it lies on Belfast Lough. The name, meaning “rock of Fergus,” commemorates King Fergus, ship¬ wrecked off the coast c. ad 320. Carrickfergus town (pop., 1991: 22,786) is the district seat. Carrickfergus Castle, a relic of the Norman period, sits on a crag above the town; it was a refuge for the Protestants of Antrim in the English Civil Wars.
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342 I Carrier ► cartel
Carrier, Willis Haviland (b. Nov. 26, 1876, Angola, N.Y., U.S.—d. Oct. 7, 1950, New York, N.Y.) U.S. inventor and industrialist. Carrier designed the first system to control temperature and humidity in 1902. His “Rational Psychrometric Formulae,” introduced in 1911, initiated sci¬ entific air-conditioning design. In 1915 he cofounded the Carrier Engi¬ neering Company, which became the world’s largest manufacturer of air- conditioning equipment. Carrier was purchased by United Technologies Corporation in 1979.
Camera \,ka-re-'a-r3\, Rosalba (Giovanna) (b. Oct. 7, 1675, Venice—d. April 15, 1757, Venice) Venetian pastel portraitist and minia¬ turist. She became known for her miniature portraits on snuffboxes and was the first artist to use ivory rather than vellum as a support for min¬ iatures. An originator of the Rococo style, she achieved spectacular suc¬ cess throughout Europe with her fashionable pastel portraits of notables. On a trip to Paris (1720-21) she received commissions for numerous por¬ traits, including one of Louis XV as a child. In 1721 she was elected to the French Royal Academy.
Carroll, Charles (b. Sept. 19, 1737, Annapolis, Md.—d. Nov. 14, 1832, Baltimore, Md., U.S.) American patriot leader. He attended Jesuit colleges in Maryland and studied law in France and England. He served on Committees of Correspondence, signed the Declaration of Independence, and served in the Continental Congress (1776-78). He was a U.S. sena¬ tor (1789-92).
Carroll, Lewis orig. Charles Lufwidge Dodgson (b. Jan. 27, 1832, Daresbury, Cheshire, Eng.—d. Jan. 14, 1898, Guildford, Surrey) British logician, mathematician, and novelist. An unmarried deacon and a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Oxford, he enjoyed the company of young girls. His novel Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865; illustrated by John Tenniel) is based on stories he told to amuse young friends, especially Alice Liddell. Its sequel, Through the Looking- Glass (1871), describes Alice’s further adventures. The two books, full of whimsy but also of sophisticated wit and puzzles, became among the most famous and admired children’s books in the world. Carroll’s other works include the narrative nonsense poem The Hunting of the Snark (1876) and the children’s novels Sylvie and Bruno (1889) and Sylvie and Bruno Con¬ cluded (1893). He was also an important early portrait photographer.
carrot Herbaceous, generally biennial plant ( Daucus carota) of the pars¬ ley family, that produces an edible globular or long taproot in the first growing season. Native to Afghani¬ stan and neighbouring lands, it is grown extensively in temperate zones. It is a rich source of carotene.
An erect rosette of feathery leaves develops above ground in the first season; the edible carrot is below.
After a rest period at temperatures near freezing, large flower stalks arise, bearing large compound umbels.
Carson (of Duncairn),
Edward Henry, Baron (b. Feb.
9, 1854, Dublin, Ire.—d. Oct. 22,
1935, Minster, Kent, Eng.) Irish law¬ yer and politician. In 1892 he was elected to the British House of Commons and was appointed Irish solici¬ tor general. He served as British solicitor general (1900-05), attorney general (1915), first lord of the Admiralty (1916-17), and lord of appeal (1921-29). Known as the “uncrowned king of Ulster,” he successfully led Northern Irish resistance to the British government’s attempts to intro¬ duce Home Rule for all of Ireland.
Carrot (Daucus carota).
KENNETH AND BRENDA FORMANEK/EB INC.
Carson, Johnny in full John William Carson (b. Oct. 23, 1925, Corning, Iowa, U.S.—d. Jan. 23, 2005, Los Angeles, Calif.) U.S. televi¬ sion personality. He worked as a radio announcer and television comedy writer before hosting several television quiz shows (1955-62). As the long-standing host of The Tonight Show (1962-92), he was noted for his wry monologues, comedy sketches, and genial banter, and the program became a staple for a large and faithful late-night audience.
Carson, Kit orig. Christopher Carson (b. Dec. 24, 1809, Madison county, Ky., U.S.—d. May 23, 1868, Fort Lyon, Colo.) U.S. frontiersman,
scout, and Indian agent. Raised in Missouri, he ran away from home at age 15 to become a trapper and trader in the Southwest. In the early 1840s he served as a guide to John
C. Fremont’s explorations of the West. He guided Gen. Stephen Kearny’s expedition to California during the Mexican War, often car¬ rying dispatches to Washington,
D. C. In 1854 he was appointed Indian agent (an official representa¬ tive of the U.S. government to Indian tribes) at Taos, N.M. During the American Civil War he commanded the 1st New Mexico Volunteers. In 1868 he was appointed superinten¬ dent of Indian affairs for the Colo¬ rado Territory. His contributions to westward expansion made him a folk hero.
Carson, Rachel (Louise) (b. May 27, 1907, Springdale, Pa., U.S.—d. April 14, 1964, Silver Spring, Md.) U.S. biologist and science writer. Carson trained as a marine biologist and had a long career at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Sea Around Us (1951) won a National Book Award. Her prophetic Silent Spring (1962), about the dangers of pesti¬ cides in the food chain, is regarded as the seminal work in the history of the environmental movement, which in some respects can be seen to date from its publication.
Carson City City (pop., 2000: 52,457), capital of Nevada, U.S. Located east of Lake Tahoe and south of Reno, it was settled in 1858 and named for Kit Carson. The discovery of silver in 1859 in the nearby Virginia City area stimulated Carson City’s economy.
The federal government established a mint at Carson City, which later became the Nevada State Museum.
Carson City became the state capital in 1864 when Nevada gained state¬ hood.
cart Two-wheeled vehicle drawn by a draft animal, used throughout recorded history for transporting freight and people. The simplest of vehicles, its frame consists merely of crossed wooden stakes or a box with shafts as an extension of the frame.
Carts are known to have been used by the Greeks and Assyrians by 1800 bc, though earlier use (c. 3500 bc) can be assumed.
Cartagena \,kar-ta-'ha-na\ City (pop., 2003 est.: 902,688), Colombia. Located on the northern coast, it has a good harbour and is Colombia’s principal port for oil exports. Founded in 1533, it became one of Spanish America’s chief cities. It was strongly fortified and often attacked, nota¬ bly by British forces under Francis Drake (c. 1585-86) and Edward Ver¬ non (c. 1741-42). It remained under Spanish control until the province of Cartagena, which included the city, declared independence in 1811. After reverting back to Spanish control in 1815, the city was recaptured by patriot forces in 1821. It declined in the 19th century but regained prominence in the 20th century as an oil-processing centre.
Cartagena Port city (pop., 2001: 184,686), southeastern Spain. Founded by the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal in 227 bc, it was captured by Scipio Africanus the Elder in 209 bc and made a Roman colony. It was sacked by the Goths in ad 425. It was held by the Moors from 711 until it was taken by James I of Aragon in 1269. In the 16th century Philip II made it a great naval port; it remains Spain’s chief Mediterranean naval base as well as a commercial port.
cartel \,kar-'tel\ Organization of a few independent producers for the purpose of improving the profitability of the firms involved (see oli¬ gopoly). This usually involves some restriction of output, control of price, and allocation of market shares. Members of a cartel generally maintain