Case, Steve orig. Stephen McConnell Case (b. Aug. 21, 1958, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.) U.S. businessman. In 1985 he cofounded Quan¬ tum Computer Services, which was renamed America Online, Inc. (AOL), in 1991. As chairman and CEO of the company, he developed it into the world’s foremost Internet service provider and helped turn the Internet into a mass medium. In 2001 he became the CEO of the newly formed AOL Time Warner Inc. (later Time Warner Inc.) but resigned the post in 2003.
Casement, Sir Roger (David) (b. Sept. 1, 1864, Kingstown, County Dublin, Ire.—d. Aug. 3, 1916, London, Eng.) British civil servant and Irish rebel. As British consul in Africa (1895-1904) and Brazil (1906- 11), he became famous for his reports revealing white traders’ cruel exploitation of native labour in the Congo and in the Putumayo River region of Peru. Ill health forced his retirement to Ireland (1912), where he joined the Irish nationalists and helped form the Irish National Volun¬ teers. After World War I broke out, he sought German support for the Irish independence movement. For his additional intrigue in the Easter Rising, he was convicted of treason and hanged. His execution made him an Irish martyr in the revolt against British rule in Ireland.
cash flow Financial and accounting concept. Cash flow results from three major groups of activities: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. A cash-flow statement differs from an income statement in reflecting actual cash on hand rather than money owed (accounts receivable). Its purpose is to throw light on management’s use of its available financial resources and to help in evaluating a company’s liquidity.
Cash, Johnny orig. J.R. Cash (b. Feb. 26, 1932, Kingsland, Ark., U.S.—d. Sept. 12, 2003, Nashville, Tenn.) U.S. singer and songwriter. He learned guitar and began writing songs during military service in the early 1950s. Settling in Memphis, he earned regular appearances on Louisiana Hayride and the Grand Ole Opry with hits such as “Hey, Porter,” “Fol¬ som Prison Blues,” and “I Walk the Line.” By 1957 Cash was acknowl¬ edged the top country music artist. His popularity waned for a time because of health and drug addiction problems, but his album Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (1968) led to his rediscovery by a wider audience. In 1968 he married June Carter of the Carter Family, with whom he had worked since 1961. In 1994 he released American Recordings, which was a criti¬ cal and popular success and won him a new generation of fans. His later albums include American IV: The Man Comes Around (2002). Cash was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992. His autobiographies Man in Black and Cash (cowritten with Patrick Carr) were published in 1975 and 1997, respectively.
cashew Edible seed or nut of Anacardium occidentale, a tropical and subtropical evergreen shrub or tree in the sumac family, native to tropical Central and South America.
Important chiefly for its nuts, the tree
Cashew apples (hypocarp) and nuts of the domesticated cashew tree ( Anacar ¬ dium occidentale ).
W.H. HODGE
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
346 I cashmere ► Cassidy
also produces wood used for shipping crates, boats, and charcoal, and a gum similar to gum arabic. Related to poison ivy and poison sumac, it must be handled with care. The two-shelled nut is shaped like a large, thick bean. A brown oil between the two shells blisters human skin and is used as a lubricant and an insecticide and in the production of plastics. The nut is rich and distinctively flavoured.
cashmere Animal-hair fibre forming the downy undercoat of the Kash¬ mir goat. The fibre became known for its use in beautiful shawls and other handmade items produced in Kashmir, India. The fibres have diameters finer than those of the best wools. Natural colour is usually gray or tan but ranges from white to black. Cashmere fabric is warm and comfort¬ able and has excellent draping qualities and soft texture; it is used mainly for fine coat, dress, and suit fabrics and for high-quality knitwear and hosiery. A sweater requires the fleece of 4-6 goats; an overcoat uses that of 30-40. Because world production is small and gathering and process¬ ing are costly, cashmere is a luxury fibre.
Casimir Vka-zs-.mirX III known as Casimir the Great Polish Kazimierz Weilki (b. April 30, 1310, Kujavia, Pol.—d. Nov. 5, 1370) King of Poland (1333-70). He was the son of Wladyslaw I, who revived the Polish kingship, and he continued his father’s quest to make Poland a power in central Europe. He crafted treaties with Hungary, Bohemia, and the Teutonic Order and acquired Red Russia and Masovia by diplo¬ macy. Casimir also arranged a series of dynastic alliances that tied Poland to many royal European families. He codified Teutonic law, gave new towns self-government under the Magdeburg Law, and founded the Uni¬ versity of Krakow.
Casimir IV known as Casimir Jagiellonian \yag-yel-'lo-ne-3n\ Pol¬ ish Kazimierz Jagiellonczyk (b. Nov. 30, 1427—d. June 7, 1492) Grand duke of Lithuania (1440-92) and king of Poland (1447-92). He became ruler of Lithuania by will of the boyars and king of Poland on his brother’s death. He sought to preserve the political union between Poland and Lithuania and to recover the lost lands of old Poland. Through his own marriage to Elizabeth of Habsburg and the marriages of his chil¬ dren, he formed alliances with various European royal houses and built the Jagiellon dynasty. The great triumph of his reign was the effective destruction of the Teutonic Order (1466), which brought Prussia under Polish rule.
casino Building or room used for gambling. The term originally referred to a public hall for music and dancing, but by the late 19th century it had come to denote a gaming house, particularly one in which card and dice games were played. Today casinos are places where gamblers can risk their money against a common gambler (called the banker or house), and they have an almost uniform character throughout the world. One of the oldest and best-known casinos is that at Monte Carlo (Monaco), founded in 1861. Others include those at Cannes and Nice (France), Corfu (Greece), Baden-Baden (Germany), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), and Las Vegas and Reno (Nevada, U.S.). Casinos in Havana (Cuba) were confis¬ cated by the Castro government after the 1959 revolution, spelling the end of a flourishing gambling scene that rivaled Las Vegas. Nevada has long had casino gambling, but other U.S. states prohibited it; that ban was ended when a casino opened in Atlantic City, N.J., in 1978. From the 1980s casinos began appearing on American Indian reservations, which are not subject to state antigambling statutes, and casino gambling expanded vastly in the U.S. as gambling became legal in more states, par¬ ticularly as a riverboat operation. In the late 1990s Internet gambling sites permitted players to play casino games such as roulette and blackjack. These virtual casinos usually offered the option of playing against other players or only against the house.
Casper City (pop., 2000: 49,644), east-central Wyoming, U.S., on the North Platte River. Founded in 1888, it was located on the Oregon Trail and the Pony Express route. The discovery of oil in the 1890s began an oil boom, and the oil fields of the Teapot Dome scandal were nearby. Casper’s economy is based on the production of oil and natural gas and the manu¬ facture of oil-field equipment. Mining (uranium, coal, bentonite) and cattle and sheep raising also are important.
Caspersson \kas-'per-,s6n\, Torborn Oskar (b. Oct. 15, 1910, Mot- ala, Swed.) Swedish cell biologist and geneticist. After receiving his medi¬ cal degree from the University of Stockholm in 1936, he initiated the use of the ultraviolet microscope to determine the nucleic acid content of cel¬ lular structures such as the nucleus and nucleolus. He theorized that nucleic acids must be present for protein synthesis to occur. He was the