chinook salmon or king salmon Prized North Pacific food and sport fish ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of the salmon family. The average weight is about 22 lbs (10 kg), but individuals of 50-80 lbs (22-36 kg) are not unusual. Chinook salmon are silvery, with round black spots. In fresh water they are found from the Amur River of Asia northward and, across the Bering Sea, southward to the Sacramento River of North America. Their range in the open ocean extends farther south. During spring spawning runs, adults swim as far as 2,000 mi (3,200 km) up the Yukon River, spawn, and then die. Young chinook salmon enter the sea when one to three years old. They were successfully introduced into Lake Michigan, creating a new sport fishery after the virtual elimination of lake trout by sea lampreys in the mid 20th century.
Chios Vkl-,as\ or Khios \'ke-os\ Island, Greece. It lies 5 mi (8 km) west of Turkey, in the Aegean Sea. Of volcanic origin, it is 30 mi (48 km) long and 8-15 mi (13-24 km) wide with an area of 321 sq mi (831 sq km). It was noted in antiquity as Homer’s birthplace. It was colonized by Ion- ians and became subject to Persia in 546 bc. Though later a member of the Delian League, it revolted several times against Athens. It prospered successively under Rome, Venice,
Genoa, and the Ottoman Empire; it passed to Greece after the Balkan Wars (1912-13). The city of Chios is the principal municipality.
chip, computer See computer chip,
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
chipmunk Any of 17 species of terrestrial rodents in the squirrel fam¬ ily. The eastern chipmunk ( Tamias
striatus ), found in eastern North America, is 5.5-7.5 in. (14-19 cm) long, excluding a bushy, 3-4-in. (8-10-cm) tail. It is reddish brown with five black stripes alternating with two brown and two white stripes. The other species (all in the genus Eutamia) are found in western North America and central and eastern Asia. They are smaller and have different stripe patterns. Chipmunks are active burrow dwellers that eat primarily seeds, berries, and tender plants. They store seeds underground, carrying them in roomy cheek pockets. Their call is a shrill chirring or chipping sound.
Chippendale, Thomas (baptized June 5, 1718, Otley, Eng.—d. November 1779, London) English cabinetmaker. Little is known of his life before 1753, when he opened a showroom and workshop in London. In 1754 he published The Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker’s Director, a popular collection of designs illustrating almost every type of domestic furniture. The designs were mostly his improvements on already existing styles. Though much 18th-century furniture is attributed to him, only a few pieces can be assigned with certainty to his workshop. See also Chip¬ pendale style.
Chippendale style Style of furniture derived from designs by Thomas Chippendale. The term specifically refers to English furniture made in a modified Rococo style in the 1750s and ’60s, though Chippendale also designed furniture in Gothic and Chinese styles. Some of his designs are adapted from the Louis XV style. Furniture based on his designs was also made in Europe and the American colonies.
Chippewa See Ojibwa
Chippewa Vchi-po-.woV, Battle of (July 5, 1814) Engagement in the War of 1812 that restored U.S. military morale. After U.S. troops under Winfield Scott captured Fort Erie, N.Y., they began to push north into Canada. A British force marched south from Fort George and attacked them at Chippewa. The British were defeated, suffering 604 casualties to 335 for the U.S.
Chirac \she-'rak\, Jacques (Rene) (b. Nov. 29, 1932, Paris, France) President of France (from 1995). In 1967 he was elected to the National Assembly as a Gaullist. As prime minister (1974-76), he resigned over differences with Valery Giscard d'Estaing and formed a neo-Gaullist group, Rally for the Republic. As mayor of Paris (1977-95), he continued to build a conservative political base. His campaign for the presidency in 1981 split the conservative vote and allowed socialist Francois Mitterrand to win. Mitterrand later appointed Chirac prime minister (1986-88) in an unusual power-sharing arrangement after the right swept to victory in parliamentary elections. Although defeated again in presidential elections in 1988, Chirac won the presidency on his third try, in 1995. He was reelected in 2002 in a landslide victory over Jean-Marie Le Pen.
Chiricahua \,chir-i-'ka-w3\ National Monument Natural area, southeastern Arizona, U.S. Unusual volcanic rock formations forming a wilderness of tall pinnacles are crowded into 19 sq mi (48.5 sq km) of ridge and canyon on the western flank of the Chiricahua Mountains. Established in 1924, the park unfolds a geologic story dating back mil¬ lions of years. The region was once a stronghold of Apache Indians under Cochise and Geronimo.
Chirico Vke-re-.koX, Giorgio de (b. July 10, 1888, Volos, Greece—d. Nov. 19, 1978, Rome, Italy) Italian painter. Born to Italian parents in Greece, he studied art in Munich and began painting images juxtaposing the fantastic with the commonplace. In 1911 he moved to Paris, where he produced ominous scenes of deserted piazzas with Classical statues, isolated figures, and oppressive architecture. The element of mystery in his work exerted a great influence on Surrealism in the 1920s. He is known as the founder, with Carlo Carra and Giorgio Morandi, of Metaphysical
PAINTING.
Chiron \'kl-,ran\ In Greek mythology, one of the Centaurs. The son of Cronus and the sea nymph Philyra, he lived at the foot of Mount Pelion in Thessaly and was renowned for his wisdom and his knowledge of medicine. He was the teacher of many Greek heroes, including Achilles, Heracles, Jason, and Asclepius. Wounded accidentally by a poisoned arrow shot by Heracles, he was in such agony that he surrendered his immor¬ tality in order to die. Zeus placed him among the stars as the constella¬ tion Sagittarius.
Chiron Comet once thought to be the most distant known asteroid. Dis¬ covered in 1977, it travels in an unstable, eccentric orbit between those of Saturn and Uranus. In 1989 astronomers detected a fuzzy cloud (coma)
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
396 I chiropractic ► chlorofluorocarbon
around Chiron. Because such a cloud is a defining feature of comets, Chi¬ ron was reclassified as a comet. See also Centaur object.
chiropractic Vkl-ro-.prak-tikA System of healing based on the theory that disease results from lack of normal nerve function, often caused by displaced vertebrae putting pressure on nerve roots. Treatment involves manipulations of body structures, primarily the spinal column, and use of other techniques when necessary. It concerns the relationship between musculoskeletal structures and functions of the body and the nervous sys¬ tem. The chiropractic method was propounded in 1895 by Daniel David Palmer (1845-1913). Practitioners are trained at accredited chiropractic colleges.
chisel Cutting tool with a sharpened edge at the end of a metal blade, used (often by driving with a mallet or hammer) in dressing, shaping, or working a solid material such as wood, stone, or metal. Flint ancestors of the chisel existed by 8000 bc; the ancient Egyptians used copper and later bronze chisels to work both wood and soft stone. Chisels today are made of steel, in various sizes and degrees of hardness, depending on use.
Chisholm, Shirley orig. Shirley Anita St. Hill (b. Nov. 30, 1924, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.—d. Jan. 1, 2005, Ormond Beach, Fla.) U.S. poli¬ tician. A graduate of Columbia University (M.A., 1952), she was a school¬ teacher before becoming active in local politics. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1968, she became the first African American woman to serve in Congress. During her 15 years in the House, she was known for her strong liberal views, including her opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and her advocacy of full-employment programs. She cofounded the National Women’s Political Caucus. As a candidate for the Democratic Party’s 1972 U.S. presidential nomination, she won 152 del¬ egates before withdrawing from the race.